Source register
Source register
532 researched statements on Syrian formation law – each with source, check date and verification status. As of: 11 October 2026.
“Verified against the legal text” and “Official body” count as supported. All other entries are still to be verified and lead to a professional review in the case.
| No. | Statement | Verification status | Source | checked on |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| E-050 | LD 29/2011 Art. 50 – تطبيق أحكام شركة التضامن على شركة التوصية شركة التوصية (limited partnership) Para. 1: The rules for partners of a general partnership apply to general partners of the limited partnership. Para. 2: General partnership provisions apply to the limited partnership insofar as this Title does not regulate anything and there is no contradiction. Para. 3: Insolvency, inability to pay, death, loss of legal capacity or permanent incapacity for work of a limited partner do not dissolve the company, unless the contract provides otherwise. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 20). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the text of the law are as of 2011 (old lira) and are not to be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 50 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-051 | LD 29/2011 Art. 51 – شركة المحاصة شركة المحاصة (silent partnership) Para. 1: Company between two or more persons, not intended for the knowledge of third parties, limited to the contracting parties; the business is conducted by a partner who appears outwardly. Para. 2: No legal personality, no publicity obligations. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 20). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the text of the law are as of 2011 (old lira) and are not to be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 51 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-052 | LD 29/2011 Art. 52 – عقد شركة المحاصة شركة المحاصة (silent partnership) The contract determines the mutual rights and obligations, the duration, the raising of capital and the sharing of profit and loss, in compliance with the general principles of the company contract. (pp. 20–21.) Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 20). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the text of the law are as of 2011 (old lira) and are not to be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 52 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-053 | LD 29/2011 Art. 53 – اثبات شركة المحاصة شركة المحاصة (silent partnership) The contract of the silent partnership may be proved, where the object is commercial, by all means of proof admissible in commercial law, and where the object is civil, by the civil-law means of proof. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 21). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the text of the law are as of 2011 (old lira) and are not to be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 53 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-054 | LD 29/2011 Art. 54 – علاقة الغير بالشركة شركة المحاصة (silent partnership) Para. 1: Third parties have a legal relationship only with the partner with whom they contracted. Para. 2: If the silent partnership appears as such vis-à-vis third parties, it may be treated as a de facto company; the partners are then jointly and severally liable to that third party. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 21). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the text of the law are as of 2011 (old lira) and are not to be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 54 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-055 | LD 29/2011 Art. 55 – الشركة المحدودة المسؤولية الشركة المحدودة المسؤولية (limited liability company (LLC)) Para. 1: Company of at least two persons; liability of the partner limited to his shares in the capital. Para. 2: It may consist of one person and is then called 'شركة الشخص الواحد المحدودة المسؤولية'. Para. 3: The implementing provisions on the single-person limited liability company (LLC) are issued by the Minister. Para. 4: It is always a commercial company under the Commercial Code, irrespective of the object. Art. 55 does not state a maximum number of partners. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 21). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the text of the law are as of 2011 (old lira) and are not to be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 55 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-056 | LD 29/2011 Art. 56 – رأسمال الشركة الشركة المحدودة المسؤولية (limited liability company (LLC)) Para. 1: Capital in Syrian pounds, unless the Ministry permits another currency. Para. 2: Payment in full within 30 days from the ministerial decision on the approval of the articles of association, unless the articles of association or the formation application provide for another period; then at least 40 % of the value of the cash contributions upon issue of the approval decision and the remainder within one year, otherwise revocation of the approval. Para. 3: Cash contributions to be proved by bank receipts. Para. 4: Bank accounts available only after presentation of a certified copy of the registration certificate. Para. 5: Capital divided into shares of equal value that are indivisible; where a share has several holders, the holder of the largest part represents; in case of a tie the manager determines the representative. Para. 6: Contributions in kind permitted, including concession rights, invention rights, know-how and other intangible rights; not services or labour. Para. 7: No public subscription, no stock exchange listing, no tradable bonds. Para. 8: Insurance, banking and savings business prohibited. No minimum capital amount stated. (pp. 21–22.) Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 21). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the text of the law are as of 2011 (old lira) and are not to be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 56 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-057 | LD 29/2011 Art. 57 – اسم الشركة الشركة المحدودة المسؤولية (limited liability company (LLC)) Para. 1: The name must be followed by the addition 'شركة محدودة المسؤولية'. Para. 2: In addition to the mandatory particulars, the capital must be stated on printed matter, announcements and contracts. Para. 3: Managers are personally and jointly and severally liable to third parties who contracted without the legal form or the capital being recognisable to them. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 22). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the text of the law are as of 2011 (old lira) and are not to be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 57 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-058 | LD 29/2011 Art. 58 – مدة الشركة الشركة المحدودة المسؤولية (limited liability company (LLC)) Para. 1: Duration in the articles of association, limited or unlimited. Para. 2: Where the purpose is a specific project, limitation to its completion possible. Para. 3: Where the duration is unlimited, the general assembly may resolve the dissolution as of the end of the financial year following the resolving meeting; publication in the Official Gazette and in two daily newspapers, at least twice. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 22). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the text of the law are as of 2011 (old lira) and are not to be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 58 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-059 | LD 29/2011 Art. 59 – الحصص العينية الشركة المحدودة المسؤولية (limited liability company (LLC)) Para. 1: In the case of contributions in kind, the application for approval/amendment of the articles of association must be accompanied by a report, prepared according to international valuation standards, of an experienced Syrian accounting body or of an audit firm licensed by the Ministry; the report contains the note on joint and several liability of its author with the contributor in the event of gross error or knowledge of the incorrectness; Law 33/2009 on the auditing profession applies. Para. 2: Injured parties may sue contributors; these are jointly and severally liable with managers, auditors and valuer in the event of intentional overvaluation; limitation three years from publicity of the company or of the amendment of the articles of association. Para. 3: Delivery and transfer of ownership to the company within 60 days from the approval decision. Para. 4: Otherwise the contributor is obliged by operation of law to pay the valued amount in cash. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 23). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the text of the law are as of 2011 (old lira) and are not to be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 59 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-060 | LD 29/2011 Art. 60 – التصرف بالحصة العينية الشركة المحدودة المسؤولية (limited liability company (LLC)) If the holder of an in-kind share disposes of the instruments embodying that share before the expiry of two years since publicity of the company, he is jointly and severally liable with the acquirer for the correctness of the value. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 23). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the text of the law are as of 2011 (old lira) and are not to be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 60 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-061 | LD 29/2011 Art. 61 – إجراءات تأسيس الشركة الشركة المحدودة المسؤولية (limited liability company (LLC)) Para. 1: Founders apply to the Ministry for approval of the articles of association after payment of the fee; signatures certified by the notary or by a body designated by the Minister. Content of the application: a) names, nationalities, capital shares, share value and address for service of the founders; b) name, purpose, type, duration, capital, payment period, head office and branches; c) contributions in kind with value according to the valuation report and name of the contributor. Para. 2: The application may authorise one or more persons to sign the articles of association and to pursue formation/publicity. Para. 3: Annexes: articles of association, appointment of the managers and of the auditor signed by the founders, valuation report where applicable, payment period. Para. 4: The articles of association contain a) name, type, duration, purpose, head office; b) capital and manner of payment; c) management and limits of the powers, especially for borrowing, sale/encumbrance of assets, waiver of projects/licences/concessions, guarantees; d) accounting and distribution of profit/loss. (pp. 23–24.) Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 23). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the text of the law are as of 2011 (old lira) and are not to be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 61 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-062 | LD 29/2011 Art. 62 – تصديق النظام الاساسي للشركة الشركة المحدودة المسؤولية (limited liability company (LLC)) Para. 1: The Minister or his delegate decides on approval of the articles of association/amendments within seven days from registration of the application in the Ministry; refusal possible if the founders do not remedy violations within the period set. Para. 2: Objection within 30 days from service; if rejected, action by any founder/partner before the administrative court, which decides within 30 days from the close of the exchange of pleadings, without possibility of challenge. Para. 3: Founders or the authorised person deposit with the registrar within 60 days from the approval decision: approved articles of association, appointment of the managers and auditors, bank receipts for the payment of capital, where applicable valuation of the contribution in kind and proof of delivery/transfer, declaration of the managers on the requirements for office, proof of publication of the approval decision in the Official Gazette; the registrar must register and issue the certificate and may not impose any further conditions. Para. 4: The Minister may revoke the approval if founders and managers do not effect publicity within 60 days from the relevant decision. (pp. 24–25.) Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 24). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the text of the law are as of 2011 (old lira) and are not to be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 62 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-063 | LD 29/2011 Art. 63 – انسحاب المؤسس أو عدم تسديد قيمة حصته الشركة المحدودة المسؤولية (limited liability company (LLC)) Para. 1: If a founder notifies the Ministry of his withdrawal or does not pay/perform his share in time, the other founders may, after formal notice and ten days without compliance from service, request the Ministry to replace him by one or more persons. Para. 2: If the capital is not paid in on time, any founder may apply for revocation of the approval; the bank repays the amounts in full against presentation of the revocation decision; contributors in kind may demand re-registration; formation costs are borne by the founders pro rata. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 25). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the text of the law are as of 2011 (old lira) and are not to be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 63 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-064 | LD 29/2011 Art. 64 – سجل الشركاء الشركة المحدودة المسؤولية (limited liability company (LLC)) Para. 1: The company keeps, under the supervision of the managers, a partners' register with names, domicile, shares and their value as well as dispositions, attachments and other events; right of inspection of every partner; electronic form permitted. Para. 2: The manager may refuse entries contrary to law or the articles of association. Para. 3: Managers are liable under civil and criminal law for the correctness. Para. 4: Entries are deemed correct until a judgment to the contrary. Para. 5: Untruthful entries are punished as forgery. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 25). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the text of the law are as of 2011 (old lira) and are not to be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 64 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-065 | LD 29/2011 Art. 65 – تبليغ الشركاء الشركة المحدودة المسؤولية (limited liability company (LLC)) Service on partners by registered mail with return receipt to the chosen domicile, unless the articles of association determine other means; the articles of association may provide for modern means of communication such as fax or e-mail. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 25). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the text of the law are as of 2011 (old lira) and are not to be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 65 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-066 | LD 29/2011 Art. 66 – انتقال ملكية الحصص الشركة المحدودة المسؤولية (limited liability company (LLC)) Para. 1: Assignment of shares before the notary, an official of the Companies Directorate of the Ministry, the manager or a person commissioned by the company; in the last two cases on their responsibility and according to the form approved by the Ministry. Para. 2: Effect only upon entry in the partners' register. Para. 3: Assignment to fellow partners free. Para. 4: Right of pre-emption of the partners on sale to third parties according to the conditions of the articles of association. Para. 5: Shares pass to the heirs; in companies with at most 25 partners the heirs are deemed one holder, unless the others consent to registration in the name of each heir; with more than 25 partners, registration per heir without consent. Para. 6: Court decisions on transfers of shares where there are at most 25 partners take effect against the company/partners only if the company was a party. Para. 7: Pledging of the shares permitted. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 26). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the text of the law are as of 2011 (old lira) and are not to be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 66 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-067 | LD 29/2011 Art. 67 – ادارة الشركة الشركة المحدودة المسؤولية (limited liability company (LLC)) Para. 1: One or more managers from among the partners or third parties, at most five. Para. 2: With more than 25 partners, up to seven. Para. 3: Manager of full age, in possession of civil rights, not in state service, not convicted of a felony or of an offence against honour/trust; proof by signed declaration of each manager and certified criminal record extract. Para. 4: Remuneration according to the articles of association or the general assembly. Para. 5: The articles of association may provide for a managers' council with an elected chairman; then the joint-stock company rules for the board of directors apply (quorum, vacancy, resolutions, representation, liability). Para. 6: Council not larger than the permitted number of managers. Para. 7: 'Manager' includes the plural and the council. Para. 8: Transfer of general assembly powers to third parties only with its consent. Para. 9: Term of office according to the articles of association, at most four years, renewable. Para. 10: All necessary powers, insofar as the articles of association do not lay down anything; restrictions entered in the commercial register take effect against third parties where reference is made to the register number. Para. 11: Removal by majority of votes of the general assembly or by the court for just cause. Para. 12: If the sole manager ceases to hold office, any partner may request the Ministry to convene a meeting for a new election. (pp. 26–27.) The article does not state a nationality requirement. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 26). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the text of the law are as of 2011 (old lira) and are not to be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 67 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-068 | LD 29/2011 Art. 68 – واجبات المدير الشركة المحدودة المسؤولية (limited liability company (LLC)) Para. 1: Bound by instructions and resolutions of the general assembly. Para. 2: In the first five months of each financial year he prepares a) a report on the past year and the future work plan, b) annual balance sheet, final account, profit and loss account and cash flow statement, confirmed by the auditor. Para. 3: Consent of the general assembly for acts outside the powers under the articles of association. Para. 4: Duty of confidentiality regarding confidential information, in case of breach removal and damages; excepted is information already published or to be published by law. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 27). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the text of the law are as of 2011 (old lira) and are not to be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 68 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-069 | LD 29/2011 Art. 69 – مسؤولية المديرين الشركة المحدودة المسؤولية (limited liability company (LLC)) Para. 1: Managers are jointly and severally liable to the Ministry, the company, the partners and third parties for violations of laws, the articles of association and meeting resolutions, and to the company and the partners for management errors; recourse of a manager who had his objection recorded in writing in the minutes of the meeting. Para. 2: Exoneration only by proving the care of a paid agent. Para. 3: Limitation three years from the general assembly at which account was rendered, except for intentional or concealed acts; in case of a criminal offence, general rules. (pp. 27–28.) Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 27). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the text of the law are as of 2011 (old lira) and are not to be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 69 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-070 | LD 29/2011 Art. 70 – المحظورات الشركة المحدودة المسؤولية (limited liability company (LLC)) Para. 1: Without the consent of the general assembly, no management in a competing/similar company and no similar/competing business for his own or another's account. Para. 2: No direct or indirect interest in contracts and projects with the company, except with permission of the general assembly to be renewed annually. Para. 3: No loans or guarantees by the company for managers or their relatives up to and including the fourth degree. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 28). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the text of the law are as of 2011 (old lira) and are not to be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 70 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-071 | LD 29/2011 Art. 71 – الدعوة الى اجتماعات الهيئة العامة الشركة المحدودة المسؤولية (limited liability company (LLC)) Para. 1: Convening by the manager or the chairman of the managers' council with an invitation to the chosen domicile 14 days before the date; it states the date of the first and of the second meeting (in the absence of a quorum), interval at most 14 days; agenda and documents to all partners. Para. 2: Meetings in Syria, at the head office, unless otherwise agreed or provided in the articles of association. Para. 3: In the first six months of the financial year, ordinary meeting with agenda: a) report and work plan, b) balance sheet, P&L, cash flow, auditor's report, c) election of the auditor for one year and fee, d) election of the managers at end of office and remuneration, e) discharge, f) other business. Para. 4: If the manager fails to convene, any partner or the auditor may request it from the Ministry. Para. 5: The invitation contains the agenda. Para. 6: Partners with at least 10 % of the shares may demand convening; if the manager does not convene within 14 days from receipt, the Ministry must issue the invitation; date at the latest 30 days after the demand; the costs are borne by the company. Para. 7: A partner's agenda request must be taken into account if it is received at least seven days before the date; amended agenda to be communicated at least 24 hours before the meeting. Para. 8: Attendance of the partner cures defects in convening. (pp. 28–29; article ends on p. 29.) Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 28). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the text of the law are as of 2011 (old lira) and are not to be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 71 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-072 | LD 29/2011 Art. 72 – الهيئة العامة للشركة limited liability company (LLC) (الشركة المحدودة المسؤولية) (1) The partners' meeting consists of the holders of shares. (2) Every partner may attend and take part in the deliberations, one vote per share; representation by another partner by simple letter, by third parties by letter or notarial power of attorney only if the articles of association permit it; the chair of the meeting confirms the powers of attorney. (3) Resolutions of a quorate meeting bind the company and all partners. (4) Only agenda items, unless all partners are present and consent. (5) Legal persons are represented by a person commissioned in writing, minors by the legal representative. (6) A representative of the Ministry must be present if the agenda contains an amendment of the articles of association. (7) Attendance list with names and number of votes, signed, kept at the company. (8) Chair: general director, chairman of the directors' council or oldest director; he appoints a minute-taker. (9) Minutes in a special register, signed by the chairman, the minute-taker and, where applicable, the Ministry's representative; right of every partner to inspect and obtain copies; minutes to the Ministry within 7 days, otherwise no ratification/execution by the Ministry. (10) Minutes are deemed correct until a final judgment to the contrary. (11) False statements or omission of material facts in the minutes: criminal liability for forgery. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 29). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the text of the law are as of 2011 (old lira) and are not to be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 72 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-073 | LD 29/2011 Art. 73 – نصاب الهيئة العامة limited liability company (LLC) (الشركة المحدودة المسؤولية) (1) Quorate if partners with at least half of the capital shares are present, unless the articles of association lay down a higher proportion. (2) If the quorum is not reached within one hour after the scheduled time, adjournment to the second date named in the invitation; interval between first and second meeting at least 24 hours; the second meeting is quorate with those who appear, insofar as the articles of association do not provide otherwise. Exception: amendment of the articles of association, dissolution, merger or conversion of the legal form require, even then, the presence of at least 50 % of the capital shares. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 30). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the text of the law are as of 2011 (old lira) and are not to be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 73 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-074 | LD 29/2011 Art. 74 – الأغلبية المطلوبة في قرارات الهيئة العامة limited liability company (LLC) (الشركة المحدودة المسؤولية) Resolutions need the consent of partners with more than 50 % of the capital represented at the meeting, unless the articles of association lay down a higher proportion. Exception: amendment of the articles of association, dissolution, merger or conversion of the legal form require 75 % of the shares represented at the meeting, whereby this majority may not amount to less than half of the company's capital. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 31). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the text of the law are as of 2011 (old lira) and are not to be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 74 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-075 | LD 29/2011 Art. 75 – تصديق قرارات الهيئة العامة limited liability company (LLC) (الشركة المحدودة المسؤولية) (1) Resolutions on amendment of the articles of association, dissolution, merger as well as the names and powers of the directors require ratification by the Ministry and registration/publication at the register office; they take effect vis-à-vis the company, the partners and third parties only after the publication. (2) The application for ratification of the new articles of association may be made by the director or any partner. (3) Every amendment of the articles of association must be published/registered within 60 days from ratification by the Ministry; otherwise the resolution is deemed revoked by operation of law after expiry of the period. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 31). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the text of the law are as of 2011 (old lira) and are not to be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 75 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-076 | LD 29/2011 Art. 76 – الطعن بقرارات الهيئة العامة limited liability company (LLC) (الشركة المحدودة المسؤولية) (1) Any partner may bring an action for nullity of a meeting resolution that violates this Legislative Decree or the articles of association; the action is no longer heard after the expiry of 90 days from the adoption of the resolution. (2) The execution of the resolutions may be suspended only after a final nullity judgment. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 31). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the text of the law are as of 2011 (old lira) and are not to be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 76 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-077 | LD 29/2011 Art. 77 – زيادة رأس المال limited liability company (LLC) (الشركة المحدودة المسؤولية) (1) The limited liability company (LLC) may increase its capital by resolution with amendment of the articles of association. (2) Every partner has a subscription right to the new shares in proportion to his participation; whoever exercises it must pay in the value of the shares within the period set by the meeting. (3) If a partner does not exercise his subscription right, the other partners may subscribe for these shares in proportion to their capital shares (pp. 31–32). Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 31). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the text of the law are as of 2011 (old lira) and are not to be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 77 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-078 | LD 29/2011 Art. 78 – خسائر الشركة واجراءات تخفيض رأس المال limited liability company (LLC) (الشركة المحدودة المسؤولية) (1) If the losses exceed half of the capital, the directors must convene the meeting, which resolves either on covering the losses, on a capital reduction (not below the statutory minimum) or on dissolution and liquidation; if none of this happens, any partner or the Ministry may apply for judicial dissolution and liquidation. (2) Procedure for the reduction: a) the application to the Ministry for ratification of the amendment of the articles of association must be accompanied by a list of creditors from the auditor (names, amount of claims, addresses) and his certificate that the reduction does not affect creditors' rights; b) publication of the resolution together with the list of creditors in the Official Gazette and in two daily newspapers, at least twice; c) creditors with together at least 10 % of the debts according to the auditor's report may bring an action for annulment within 30 days from the last newspaper publication; the one-month period does not run against creditors not named; d) the court may suspend execution until the decision (order in chambers, immediately enforceable); e) expedited procedure, hearings at most every 72 hours; the decision of the court of appeal is final. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 32). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the text of the law are as of 2011 (old lira) and are not to be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 78 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-079 | LD 29/2011 Art. 79 – مدققو الحسابات limited liability company (LLC) (الشركة المحدودة المسؤولية) The articles of association must provide for the election of one or more auditors; the partners elect them at the meeting from the list of certified accountants issued by the competent Ministry. The rules for auditors of closed joint-stock companies and Law No. 33 of 2009 apply to powers, liability and duties. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 32). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the text of the law are as of 2011 (old lira) and are not to be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 79 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-080 | LD 29/2011 Art. 80 – حسابات الشركة limited liability company (LLC) (الشركة المحدودة المسؤولية) The company must keep its accounts and retain registers and books, namely according to the accounting standards provided for by the articles of association and the regulations adopted by the company. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 32). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the text of the law are as of 2011 (old lira) and are not to be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 80 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-081 | LD 29/2011 Art. 81 – السنة المالية limited liability company (LLC) (الشركة المحدودة المسؤولية) (1) The financial year follows the calendar year. (2) The articles of association may fix its beginning and end in any month. The first financial year is an exception: it runs from the date of the decision on the ratification of the articles of association until the end of the month designated for the end of the following financial year. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 33). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the text of the law are as of 2011 (old lira) and are not to be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 81 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-082 | LD 29/2011 Art. 82 – الاحتياطي الاجباري limited liability company (LLC) (الشركة المحدودة المسؤولية) (1) Each year 10 % of the net profit must be allocated to the compulsory reserve; the allocation may end when the reserve reaches one quarter of the capital; with the consent of the meeting it may be continued until the reserve reaches the amount of the capital. (2) The compulsory reserve serves to secure the minimum return determined in the articles of association in years in which the profit is not sufficient for this, or to cover extraordinary expenses following a resolution of the meeting. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 33). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the text of the law are as of 2011 (old lira) and are not to be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 82 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-083 | LD 29/2011 Art. 83 – الاحتياطي الاختياري limited liability company (LLC) (الشركة المحدودة المسؤولية) (1) The meeting may resolve each year to allocate at most 20 % of the net profit of the year to a voluntary reserve. (2) This is used following a resolution of the meeting and may be distributed in whole or in part as profit to the partners. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 33). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the text of the law are as of 2011 (old lira) and are not to be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 83 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-084 | LD 29/2011 Art. 84 – احتياطي الاستهلاك limited liability company (LLC) (الشركة المحدودة المسؤولية) (1) The articles of association must contain the percentage to be deducted annually from the gross profit (not net profit) for the depreciation of the assets, according to the rates recognised by the Ministry of Finance. (2) These funds are used, by decision of the director, for the purchase or repair of worn-out materials, machinery and installations and may not be distributed as profit. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 33). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the text of the law are as of 2011 (old lira) and are not to be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 84 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-085 | LD 29/2011 Art. 85 – العقوبات limited liability company (LLC) (الشركة المحدودة المسؤولية) (1) Partners and directors who violate Art. 56 nos. 7 and 8 and Art. 57 nos. 1 and 2 are punished with the penalty for fraud (pp. 33–34). (2) Fine of 50,000 Syrian lira against directors for violation of Art. 64, 70, 71 and Art. 72 nos. 4, 7 and 9 (the print reads «تعرض», apparently for «تفرض»). (3) Fine of 300,000 lira for violation of Art. 60, if in-kind share certificates are disposed of before expiry of the period determined there. (4) Fine of 50,000 lira for violation of Art. 34 no. 9, if an auditor is not appointed for each financial year. Amounts as of the text (2011). Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 33). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the text of the law are as of 2011 (old lira) and are not to be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 85 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-086 | LD 29/2011 Art. 86 – الشركة المساهمة المغفلة joint-stock company, public and private (مساهمة مغفلة عامة / خاصة) Beginning of Part 6 (الباب السادس – joint-stock company). (1) The public joint-stock company consists of at least ten shareholders; the capital is divided into shares of equal value that are tradable and can be listed on securities markets; the liability of the shareholder is limited to the nominal value of his shares (pp. 34–35). (2) The private joint-stock company consists of at least three shareholders; capital divided into shares of equal value; liability limited to the nominal value of the shares. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 34). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the text of the law are as of 2011 (old lira) and are not to be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 86 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-087 | LD 29/2011 Art. 87 – الصفة التجارية joint-stock company (مساهمة مغفلة) The joint-stock company is deemed a commercial company irrespective of its object and is subject to the Commercial Code. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 35). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the text of the law are as of 2011 (old lira) and are not to be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 87 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-088 | LD 29/2011 Art. 88 – اسم الشركة joint-stock company (مساهمة مغفلة) (1) The name may not be the name of a natural person, unless the purpose is the exploitation of a patent registered in the name of that person. (2) The name must be followed by the addition «شركة مساهمة مغفلة خاصة» or «عامة». (3) In addition to the general mandatory particulars, the joint-stock company must state its capital in printed matter, announcements and contracts. (4) The court may hold members of the board of directors or persons authorised to represent personally and jointly and severally liable for obligations towards a third party who concluded contracts without the legal form or the capital being recognisable to him because the company violated the two preceding paragraphs. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 35). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the text of the law are as of 2011 (old lira) and are not to be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 88 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-089 | LD 29/2011 Art. 89 – مدة الشركة joint-stock company (مساهمة مغفلة) (1) The duration is determined in the articles of association; it may be limited or unlimited. (2) If the purpose is a specific project, the duration may be tied to its completion. (3) An automatic extension by virtue of a clause in the articles of association is not permitted; the extension is effected by resolution of the extraordinary general meeting. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 35). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the text of the law are as of 2011 (old lira) and are not to be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 89 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-090 | LD 29/2011 Art. 90 – رأسمال الشركة joint-stock company (مساهمة مغفلة) (1) The capital is set in Syrian currency, unless the Ministry permits another currency. (2) If the capital or the number of shareholders falls below the statutory minimum, the Ministry may grant a period of six months for rectification or conversion into another legal form; in the event of non-compliance it may apply for judicial liquidation. (3) The company may dispose of its bank accounts after it has presented a certified copy of its commercial register extract (pp. 35–36). Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 35). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the text of the law are as of 2011 (old lira) and are not to be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 90 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-091 | LD 29/2011 Art. 91 – اسهم الشركة joint-stock company (مساهمة مغفلة) (1) Capital divided into shares of equal value. (2) Registered shares. (3) Nominal value per share exactly 100 Syrian lira; all joint-stock companies including banks and insurance companies must adapt within two years from entry into force. (4) Holders of in-kind shares have, subject to the transfer restrictions, the same rights as holders of cash shares. (5) Equal rights and obligations within the same class. (6) Preference shares may be issued by resolution of the extraordinary general meeting if the articles of association do not expressly prohibit it. (7) Preference shares grant priority as to fixed amounts or a fixed percentage of the share value in addition to the profit share, as to the repayment of capital in liquidation, or other advantages. (8) The articles of association may deprive preference shareholders of the voting right. (9) Conversion into ordinary shares possible according to the articles of association. (10) The articles of association may create a class of shares whose number or proportion they lay down and which only Syrians may own. (11) The articles of association may double the number of votes for shares that have been held for at least three consecutive years. Nominal value as of the text (2011). Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 36). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the text of the law are as of 2011 (old lira) and are not to be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 91 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-092 | LD 29/2011 Art. 92 – تسديد رأسمال الشركة joint-stock company (مساهمة مغفلة) (1) Shares are cash or in-kind shares; cash shares are paid upon subscription in one sum or in instalments; in-kind shares are given for goods or rights having monetary value, including concession, patent, know-how and other intangible rights; services or labour are not permitted as a contribution in kind. (2) Upon subscription 40 % of the nominal value must be paid, the remainder within at most three years from ratification of the articles of association. (3) Syrians resident in Syria and persons of equivalent status pay in Syrian currency, foreign participations in foreign exchange (p. 37). (4) Proof of the cash payment by bank receipts. (5) Contributions in kind must be delivered or transferred within 60 days from the final declaration of formation; in-kind shares are issued only thereafter. (6) The subscriber owes the full share value; in the event of default on an instalment the board of directors may sell the share: a) registered formal notice with 7 days' payment period from receipt; b) thereafter public auction, announcement in two daily newspapers at the head office, at least twice; c) the announcement states date, place, number and serial numbers of the shares; at least 20 days between first announcement and sale; d) auction to the highest bid under the supervision of the enforcement authority; e) on the day of the auction the overdue instalment is no longer accepted; f) from the proceeds, instalments, interest and costs are covered, the remainder goes to the shareholder; g) in the event of a shortfall, recourse against the defaulter and the former holders of the shares; the books of the company are deemed correct for the forced sale until proof to the contrary. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 36). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the text of the law are as of 2011 (old lira) and are not to be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 92 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-093 | LD 29/2011 Art. 93 – الاسهم العينية joint-stock company (مساهمة مغفلة) (1) In the case of contributions in kind, the application for ratification of the articles of association must be accompanied by a report, prepared according to international valuation standards, of a Syrian auditing body licensed by the competent Ministry, with the valuation; the report must note that the body knows of its shared responsibility with the contributor for the correctness; in the event of gross error or knowingly false valuation, Law No. 33 of 2009 applies. (2) Anyone injured by the valuation may sue, jointly and severally, founders, in-kind shareholders, holders of special advantages, members of the board of directors, first auditors and the valuation body, if there is an intentional overvaluation (p. 38). (3) Limitation after three years from publication of the company or of the Ministry's decision on ratification of the amendment of the articles of association. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 37). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the text of the law are as of 2011 (old lira) and are not to be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 93 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-094 | LD 29/2011 Art. 94 – عدم قابلية السهم للتجزئة joint-stock company (مساهمة مغفلة) The share is indivisible. Heirs may, however, hold a share jointly or jointly own several shares from the estate; in both cases they must designate one of them as representative vis-à-vis the company. If they do not do so within the period set by the board of directors, the board of directors or the chairman of the general meeting names one of the heirs. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 38). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the text of the law are as of 2011 (old lira) and are not to be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 94 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-095 | LD 29/2011 Art. 95 – قيمة الاسهم joint-stock company (مساهمة مغفلة) (1) Shares are issued at nominal value, not below it. (2) The extraordinary general meeting may – in compliance with Art. 91 para. 3 – change the nominal value by consolidation or division of shares; in the case of a public joint-stock company only after consent of the securities commission; the value after consolidation/division must always correspond to the value before. (3) The extraordinary general meeting may resolve an issue premium, determined according to international valuation standards and the rules of the securities commission. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 38). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the text of the law are as of 2011 (old lira) and are not to be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 95 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-096 | LD 29/2011 Art. 96 – منع تداول الاسهم joint-stock company (مساهمة مغفلة) (1) Cash and in-kind shares of the founders may not be traded before the expiry of three years from publication of the company. (2) The shares serving as security for membership of the board of directors may be traded only six months after the end of the membership. (3) New in-kind shares from a capital increase may be traded only three years after the ministerial decision on ratification of the increase. (4) A blocking note is entered in the books of the company and is deleted ex officio after expiry of the period, unless a court decision orders its retention (pp. 38–39). (5) The block does not apply to shares owned by public bodies. (6) By succession the shares pass with the blocking note. (7) The block does not apply if a court decision orders the transfer of ownership and the company was a party to the proceedings; the shares then pass with the blocking notes. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 38). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the text of the law are as of 2011 (old lira) and are not to be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 96 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-097 | LD 29/2011 Art. 97 – شراء واستهلاك الشركة لاسهمها joint-stock company, esp. public (مساهمة مغفلة عامة) (1) The public joint-stock company may buy and sell its own shares according to the rules of the securities commission; own, unsubscribed shares do not count for quorum and the adoption of resolutions in the general meetings. (2) The articles of association may provide for the redemption of shares by lot if the project is gradually used up or concerns a public facility granted for a limited period. (3) Holders of redeemed shares receive enjoyment shares. (4) Enjoyment shareholders have all rights of the ordinary shareholders except the repayment of the nominal value in liquidation. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 39). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the text of the law are as of 2011 (old lira) and are not to be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 97 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-098 | LD 29/2011 Art. 98 – تأسيس الشركة المساهمة المغفلة joint-stock company (مساهمة مغفلة) (1) At least three founders, who form a founders' committee. (2) The founders apply to the Ministry for ratification of the articles of association, with a copy approved by them, after payment of the fee and certification of their signatures by the notary or a body designated by the Minister. (3) A single person may file the application for the founders' committee with a notarial power of attorney. (4) The application contains: a) names, nationality and chosen address for service of the founders; b) capital, number of the shares subscribed by the founders and of those publicly offered, subscription period (p. 40); c) name, duration, purpose, principal office and chosen address for service; d) statement of the contributions in kind and of the contributor, with valuation report; e) the persons authorised to sign the articles of association and to pursue the formation (founders' committee), who convene the constituent meeting and represent the company until the election of the first board of directors; f) name of the auditor chosen for the formation phase. (5) Mandatory content of the articles of association: a) name, duration, purpose, principal office; b) authorised capital; c) type of administration, number and term of office of the members of the board of directors and limits of their powers, especially for borrowing, sale/pledging of assets, waiver of projects, licences and concessions, guarantees; d) accounting and distribution of profit/loss. (6) Further clauses permitted, insofar as they do not violate applicable law. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 39). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the text of the law are as of 2011 (old lira) and are not to be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 98 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-099 | LD 29/2011 Art. 99 – تصديق النظام الاساسي للشركة والموافقة على طرح اسهمها joint-stock company (مساهمة مغفلة) (1) The Ministry decides on the ratification of the articles of association or their amendments within 30 days from receipt; it may refuse if the articles of association violate applicable law and the defect is not remedied within the period set; objection to the Minister within 30 days from service; in the event of rejection, action before the administrative court, which decides finally within 30 days after the close of the exchange of pleadings. (2) After publication of the ministerial decision the founders must obtain the consent of the securities commission to the public offering of the shares (pp. 40–41). (3) After coverage of the offered capital, declaration of the final formation by the constituent meeting, election of the first board of directors and designation of the persons authorised to represent, the board of directors or one of its members deposits with the commercial register office: ratified articles of association, consent of the securities commission, documents on the naming of the members of the board of directors, of the chairman, of his deputy, of the persons authorised to represent and of the auditor, proofs of payment of capital and of delivery/transfer of the contributions in kind, a declaration of the chairman and of the members that there is no impediment to the office, and the proof of publication in the Official Gazette – within 30 days from the formation resolution of the constituent meeting; the registrar registers the company and publishes the data of the registration certificate exclusively in the Official Gazette. (4) Any member of the board of directors may apply for the ratification of an amendment of the articles of association resolved by the extraordinary general meeting. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 40). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the text of the law are as of 2011 (old lira) and are not to be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 99 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
Translations are provided for understanding. The official Arabic original texts are binding.