Source register
Source register
532 researched statements on Syrian formation law – each with source, check date and verification status. As of: 11 October 2026.
“Verified against the legal text” and “Official body” count as supported. All other entries are still to be verified and lead to a professional review in the case.
| No. | Statement | Verification status | Source | checked on |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| D-080 | Law 17/2010 Art. 49 employers Probationary period only if agreed in the contract, at most three months and only once with the same employer. Source reading status: partially read (Art. 1–249 (Art. 249 breaks off; extracted text 131,348 characters). Specifically analysed: Art. 1–6, 17, 25–30, 41, 46–55, 69–111, 124–136, 155–167, 233–249. Title XIII (penalties, approx. Art. 250–280) and final provisions NOT readable.). Read via automated text analysis (no raw text); verify article/paragraph numbers against the original before any binding use. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. Gesetz 17/2010 Art. 49 Labour Law No. 17/2010 – inoffizielle englische ILO-Übersetzung (81 S.) published 12 April 2010 |
11 October 2026 |
| D-081 | Law 17/2010 Art. 17, Art. 25, Art. 26 employers – from first employment / start of operations Hiring notifications: within 15 days after hiring an unemployed person, his registration certificate must be returned to the public employment office (with start, wage, position). Within 15 days after the establishment starts work, a detailed workforce list must be sent to the directorate; thereafter half-yearly notifications in January and July respectively. Conditions/exceptions: The form is laid down by the ministry (not read). Practical handling in 2026 unknown. Expert review: Whether the notifications under Art. 25/26 are currently actually required; competent directorate. Source reading status: partially read (Art. 1–249 (Art. 249 breaks off; extracted text 131,348 characters). Specifically analysed: Art. 1–6, 17, 25–30, 41, 46–55, 69–111, 124–136, 155–167, 233–249. Title XIII (penalties, approx. Art. 250–280) and final provisions NOT readable.). Read via automated text analysis (no raw text); verify article/paragraph numbers against the original before any binding use. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. Gesetz 17/2010 Art. 17, Art. 25, Art. 26 Labour Law No. 17/2010 – inoffizielle englische ILO-Übersetzung (81 S.) published 12 April 2010 |
11 October 2026 |
| D-082 | Law 17/2010 Art. 27 foreign employees, foreign shareholder-managers/employers Non-Syrians may work in Syria only with a work permit granted by the Minister of Labour (or delegate); this applies to all sectors and expressly also to non-Syrian employers. Conditions/exceptions: Reciprocity reservation (Art. 28 a); exceptions by ministerial decision (Art. 28 b); Arab Palestinians under Law 260/1956 are treated as equal to Syrians (Art. 28 d). Expert review: Current ministerial decisions under Art. 29 (conditions, fees, security deposit, barred occupations, quotas), relationship to residence law and investment law. Source reading status: partially read (Art. 1–249 (Art. 249 breaks off; extracted text 131,348 characters). Specifically analysed: Art. 1–6, 17, 25–30, 41, 46–55, 69–111, 124–136, 155–167, 233–249. Title XIII (penalties, approx. Art. 250–280) and final provisions NOT readable.). Read via automated text analysis (no raw text); verify article/paragraph numbers against the original before any binding use. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. Gesetz 17/2010 Art. 27 Labour Law No. 17/2010 – inoffizielle englische ILO-Übersetzung (81 S.) published 12 April 2010 |
11 October 2026 |
| D-083 | Law 17/2010 Art. 28 (c) employers of exempt foreign employees If an employer employs non-Syrians exempt from the permit requirement/reciprocity, he must notify the competent directorate of this within 15 days after the start of work. Conditions/exceptions: Grounds for exemption are contained in ministerial decisions not read. Expert review: Catalogue of exemptions. Source reading status: partially read (Art. 1–249 (Art. 249 breaks off; extracted text 131,348 characters). Specifically analysed: Art. 1–6, 17, 25–30, 41, 46–55, 69–111, 124–136, 155–167, 233–249. Title XIII (penalties, approx. Art. 250–280) and final provisions NOT readable.). Read via automated text analysis (no raw text); verify article/paragraph numbers against the original before any binding use. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. Gesetz 17/2010 Art. 28 (c) Labour Law No. 17/2010 – inoffizielle englische ILO-Übersetzung (81 S.) published 12 April 2010 |
11 October 2026 |
| D-084 | Law 17/2010 Art. 29, Art. 30 employers of foreign employees Conditions, procedure and fees of the work permit, a financial security to be provided by the employer, occupations barred to foreigners and quotas are regulated by ministerial decision. Employment with an employer other than the one named in the permit (without approval) or in another activity is not permitted. Conditions/exceptions: The ministerial decisions themselves were NOT found/read; no fees, quotas or deadlines known. Expert review: Obtain decisions under Art. 29. Source reading status: partially read (Art. 1–249 (Art. 249 breaks off; extracted text 131,348 characters). Specifically analysed: Art. 1–6, 17, 25–30, 41, 46–55, 69–111, 124–136, 155–167, 233–249. Title XIII (penalties, approx. Art. 250–280) and final provisions NOT readable.). Read via automated text analysis (no raw text); verify article/paragraph numbers against the original before any binding use. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. Gesetz 17/2010 Art. 29, Art. 30 Labour Law No. 17/2010 – inoffizielle englische ILO-Übersetzung (81 S.) published 12 April 2010 |
11 October 2026 |
| D-085 | Law 17/2010 Art. 90, Art. 240 employers with 15 or more employees Establishments with 15 or more employees must draw up work rules and a list of sanctions and register them with the ministry for approval (deemed approval after 45 days) and display them; from 15 employees additionally an occupational safety committee. Source reading status: partially read (Art. 1–249 (Art. 249 breaks off; extracted text 131,348 characters). Specifically analysed: Art. 1–6, 17, 25–30, 41, 46–55, 69–111, 124–136, 155–167, 233–249. Title XIII (penalties, approx. Art. 250–280) and final provisions NOT readable.). Read via automated text analysis (no raw text); verify article/paragraph numbers against the original before any binding use. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. Gesetz 17/2010 Art. 90, Art. 240 Labour Law No. 17/2010 – inoffizielle englische ILO-Übersetzung (81 S.) published 12 April 2010 |
11 October 2026 |
| D-086 | Law 17/2010 Art. 91 all employers A personnel file must be kept for every employee and retained for at least one year after the end of the employment relationship. Source reading status: partially read (Art. 1–249 (Art. 249 breaks off; extracted text 131,348 characters). Specifically analysed: Art. 1–6, 17, 25–30, 41, 46–55, 69–111, 124–136, 155–167, 233–249. Title XIII (penalties, approx. Art. 250–280) and final provisions NOT readable.). Read via automated text analysis (no raw text); verify article/paragraph numbers against the original before any binding use. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. Gesetz 17/2010 Art. 91 Labour Law No. 17/2010 – inoffizielle englische ILO-Übersetzung (81 S.) published 12 April 2010 |
11 October 2026 |
| D-087 | Law 17/2010 Art. 74, 78, 106, 109, 110–111 all employers Working time at most 8 hrs/day and 40 hrs/week; weekly at least 24 hrs paid rest; overtime with a 25 % (day) or 50 % (night) supplement; monthly wages must be paid by the 6th day of the following month in legal currency; wage not below the general minimum wage. Conditions/exceptions: Annual leave: translation states 24 working days (1–5 years of service), 21 (5–10; apparently a translation/text error), 30 (from 10 years/over 50) – check Art. 155 against the Arabic original. Minimum wage level 2026 not researched. Expert review: Check current minimum wage (new lira) and Art. 155 in the original. Source reading status: partially read (Art. 1–249 (Art. 249 breaks off; extracted text 131,348 characters). Specifically analysed: Art. 1–6, 17, 25–30, 41, 46–55, 69–111, 124–136, 155–167, 233–249. Title XIII (penalties, approx. Art. 250–280) and final provisions NOT readable.). Read via automated text analysis (no raw text); verify article/paragraph numbers against the original before any binding use. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. Gesetz 17/2010 Art. 74, 78, 106, 109, 110–111 Labour Law No. 17/2010 – inoffizielle englische ILO-Übersetzung (81 S.) published 12 April 2010 |
11 October 2026 |
| D-088 | Law 17/2010 Art. 41, 94, 129, 136 larger employers Thresholds by workforce size: from 50 employees a training contribution of at least 1 % of the wage bill and obligations to employ persons with disabilities (quota 2 %); from 100 employees own nurse/doctor and free treatment. Source reading status: partially read (Art. 1–249 (Art. 249 breaks off; extracted text 131,348 characters). Specifically analysed: Art. 1–6, 17, 25–30, 41, 46–55, 69–111, 124–136, 155–167, 233–249. Title XIII (penalties, approx. Art. 250–280) and final provisions NOT readable.). Read via automated text analysis (no raw text); verify article/paragraph numbers against the original before any binding use. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. Gesetz 17/2010 Art. 41, 94, 129, 136 Labour Law No. 17/2010 – inoffizielle englische ILO-Übersetzung (81 S.) published 12 April 2010 |
11 October 2026 |
| D-089 | SANA 24.12.2025; Enab Baladi 10.10.2026 all employers (risk of change in law) Labour Law 17/2010 has been under revision since the end of 2025 (incl. work permit for non-Syrians, social insurance registration, new forms of work); in parallel the social insurance law and the civil service law are being recast. As at 10.10.2026 no promulgation had been reported. Expert review: Check the status of the amendment regularly. Source reading status: fully read (article in full). Read via automated text analysis (no raw text); verify article/paragraph numbers against the original before any binding use. |
Official body | Art. SANA 24.12.2025; Enab Baladi 10.10.2026 الشؤون الاجتماعية والعمل: تعديل قانون العمل لمواكبة المتغيرات الاقتصادية published 24 December 2025 |
11 October 2026 |
| D-090 | Law 92/1959 Art. 2, Art. 16 (a) employers – only upon employment Social insurance with the General Establishment for Social Insurance is mandatory for employers and employees; covered are persons employed under the Labour Law irrespective of the size of the establishment. The obligation arises with the employment of employees, not already with formation. Conditions/exceptions: Excepted, among others: foreign employees of international organisations/diplomatic missions; foreigners seconded by foreign firms for at most 12 months; maintained family members of the employer (Art. 2 Part II, according to the analysis – check wording). The statement 'not already with formation' is a conclusion drawn from Art. 16 and the procedures guide (registration 'for his employees'). Expert review: Whether a nil return/registration of the establishment without employees is required; self-insurance of the employer (Decision 758/2015). Source reading status: partially read (Art. 1–71 (page ends there). Art. 72–end (incl. Art. 72 enforced collection, Art. 77 consequences of default, deadlines, penalties) NOT read. PDF https://taminat.sy/uploads/1234.pdf not checked.). Read via automated text analysis (no raw text); verify article/paragraph numbers against the original before any binding use. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. Gesetz 92/1959 Art. 2, Art. 16 (a) قانون التأمينات الاجتماعية رقم 92 لعام 1959 وتعديلاته (Ausgabe 2015 mit Durchführungsbestimmungen) |
11 October 2026 |
| D-091 | Law 92/1959 Art. 19, Art. 53; contribution guide taminat.sy employers with employees Contributions according to the text of the law and the Establishment's contribution guide: employee 7 % of the monthly wage; employer 14 % (old age/invalidity/death) + 3 % (occupational accident) + 0.1 % monthly fee. Status of the source 2024 at the latest – currency in 2026 not confirmed. Conditions/exceptions: Minister may change the accident contribution (Art. 20); reform of the social insurance law in progress. Contribution assessment ceilings not found. Expert review: Confirm current rates and assessment basis (new lira, minimum wage) with the Establishment. Source reading status: partially read (Art. 1–71 (page ends there). Art. 72–end (incl. Art. 72 enforced collection, Art. 77 consequences of default, deadlines, penalties) NOT read. PDF https://taminat.sy/uploads/1234.pdf not checked.). Read via automated text analysis (no raw text); verify article/paragraph numbers against the original before any binding use. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. Gesetz 92/1959 Art. 19, Art. 53; Beitragsleitfaden taminat.sy قانون التأمينات الاجتماعية رقم 92 لعام 1959 وتعديلاته (Ausgabe 2015 mit Durchführungsbestimmungen) |
11 October 2026 |
| D-092 | Procedures guide of the Establishment (relies on Law 92/1959 Art. 16) employers – on first hiring Initial registration of the private employer with the Establishment: commercial or trade register extract, copy of the employer's ID, partnership agreement/articles (in the case of partners), proof of lease or ownership, employment contract under Law 17/2010 for each employee with copy of ID; forms 1 (entry) and 2 (wages); costs: revenue stamps and forms. Conditions/exceptions: Guide states no deadline; status unclear (©2024). Expert review: Registration deadline and current forms/online procedure. Source reading status: fully read (page in full; employer-related procedures analysed). Read via automated text analysis (no raw text); verify article/paragraph numbers against the original before any binding use. |
Official body | Art. Verfahrensleitfaden der Anstalt (stützt sich auf Gesetz 92/1959 Art. 16) دليل المعاملات (Verfahrensleitfaden, u. a. Erstanmeldung des Arbeitgebers) |
11 October 2026 |
| D-093 | Law 92/1959 Art. 35, 37, 43 employers with employees The employer must report every change in the number of employees or in wages (online: form 1 entry, 2 wages, 4 exit) and keep wage/employment, accident and examination registers; occupational accidents must be reported without delay. Conditions/exceptions: Consequences of late reporting in Art. 77 (not read). Source reading status: partially read (Art. 1–71 (page ends there). Art. 72–end (incl. Art. 72 enforced collection, Art. 77 consequences of default, deadlines, penalties) NOT read. PDF https://taminat.sy/uploads/1234.pdf not checked.). Read via automated text analysis (no raw text); verify article/paragraph numbers against the original before any binding use. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. Gesetz 92/1959 Art. 35, 37, 43 قانون التأمينات الاجتماعية رقم 92 لعام 1959 وتعديلاته (Ausgabe 2015 mit Durchführungsbestimmungen) |
11 October 2026 |
| D-094 | Procedures guide of the Establishment existing establishments, building contractors (contracts for work) For certain transactions a clearance certificate of the social insurance establishment is required (proof that no contribution debts exist); it is issued on written application after settlement of all claims. Source reading status: fully read (page in full; employer-related procedures analysed). Read via automated text analysis (no raw text); verify article/paragraph numbers against the original before any binding use. |
Official body | Art. Verfahrensleitfaden der Anstalt دليل المعاملات (Verfahrensleitfaden, u. a. Erstanmeldung des Arbeitgebers) |
11 October 2026 |
| D-095 | Official information page of the DCIP 'حماية العلامات التجارية'; Law 8/2007 Art. 7 … All founders who want to use name/logo as a sign for goods or services The company name entered in the commercial register is not automatically protected as a trade mark. Anyone using the company name as a trade mark must file it separately as a trade mark with the Directorate for Industrial Protection. Conditions/exceptions: Trade mark filing is voluntary (Law 8/2007 Art. 12), but is recommended by the authority. An earlier user may challenge the registration within 5 years (Art. 7). Expert review: Syrian trade mark agent/lawyer: similarity search and filing strategy; DCIP page is undated. Source reading status: currency unclear (Entire page analysed via WebFetch: basics, grounds for refusal, procedural steps, documents under Art. 7 of the implementing regulation, deadlines, search fee, international application.). Read via automated text analysis (no raw text); verify article/paragraph numbers against the original before any binding use. |
Official body | Art. Amtliche Informationsseite der DCIP 'حماية العلامات التجارية'; Gesetz 8/2007 Art. 7 (Eigentum an der Marke entsteht durch Eintragung) مديرية حماية الملكية التجارية والصناعية – حماية العلامات التجارية (amtliche Informationsseite) |
11 October 2026 |
| D-096 | Law 8/2007 Art. 14; confirmed by DCIP information page Foreign founders and Syrians abroad without residence in Syria An applicant without residence in Syria must authorise a representative (agent) resident in Syria for the trade mark application. Conditions/exceptions: Registered registration agents must, among other things, be Syrian nationals (or treated as such) with a university degree and entered in the register of agents; Syrian lawyers are exempt from the evidence requirements (Art. 143–144). Foreign offices only with a registered Syrian branch. Expert review: Current legalisation chain of the foreign power of attorney (consulate, Ministry of Foreign Affairs/Justice) – described in law-firm sources (S09), but not officially evidenced and possibly changed after 2025. What was read is an unofficial translation of the 2007 version; amendment by Decree 47/2009 not checked. Statute text read only in an unofficial reproduction. Source reading status: partially read (Read via WebFetch analysis: Art. 1, 2, 4–37, 41, 45, 47, 48, 113–121, 141, 143–159. Not read individually: Art. 3, 38–40, 42–44, 46, 49–112, 122–140, 142. Fee table for Art. 155 is missing on the page.). Read via automated text analysis (no raw text); verify article/paragraph numbers against the original before any binding use. |
Secondary sources only – still to be verified | Art. Gesetz 8/2007 Art. 14; bestätigt durch DCIP-Informationsseite Syria – Law No. 8 of 2007 (Trademarks, Geographical Indications, Industrial Drawings and Designs, Unfair Competition) – inoffizielle englische Übersetzung (Abu-Ghazaleh International Translation) |
11 October 2026 |
| D-097 | Law 8/2007 Art. 11 Foreign applicants Entitled to file are Syrians, nationals of states of the Paris Convention, nationals of Arab League states subject to reciprocity, and foreigners with an establishment or residence in Syria or a Convention state. Expert review: Unofficial translation; check version after Decree 47/2009. Statute text read only in an unofficial reproduction. Source reading status: partially read (Read via WebFetch analysis: Art. 1, 2, 4–37, 41, 45, 47, 48, 113–121, 141, 143–159. Not read individually: Art. 3, 38–40, 42–44, 46, 49–112, 122–140, 142. Fee table for Art. 155 is missing on the page.). Read via automated text analysis (no raw text); verify article/paragraph numbers against the original before any binding use. |
Secondary sources only – still to be verified | Art. Gesetz 8/2007 Art. 11 Syria – Law No. 8 of 2007 (Trademarks, Geographical Indications, Industrial Drawings and Designs, Unfair Competition) – inoffizielle englische Übersetzung (Abu-Ghazaleh International Translation) |
11 October 2026 |
| D-098 | Law 8/2007 Art. 32 trade mark owners The term of protection of a registered trade mark is ten years from the date of filing; it may be renewed for equal periods each time. The renewal application must be filed in the last year of protection. Conditions/exceptions: Grace period see R05. Expert review: Arabic wording from a private reprint, identical in content with the translation (S02) and DCIP page (S07). Have renewal practice (single-class renewal since 2013 according to S09) confirmed by the agent. Statute text read only in an unofficial reproduction. Source reading status: partially read (Arabic key sentences of Art. 5 (introduction), 14, 32, 33 queried; page breaks off in Art. 93.). Read via automated text analysis (no raw text); verify article/paragraph numbers against the original before any binding use. |
Secondary sources only – still to be verified | Art. Gesetz 8/2007 Art. 32 القانون رقم 8 لعام 2007 – arabischer Abdruck (Rechtsbibliothek mohamah.net) |
11 October 2026 |
| D-099 | Law 8/2007 Art. 33 and Art. 10 trade mark owners After expiry of the term of protection there is a grace period of six months for renewal against a late fee. Without renewal the trade mark lapses by operation of law. A cancelled trade mark may for three years be re-registered only by the former owner. Conditions/exceptions: In case of cancellation on the basis of an enforceable judgment, the entitled person may register immediately (Art. 10). Expert review: Amount of the late fee currently unknown. Statute text read only in an unofficial reproduction. Source reading status: partially read (Read via WebFetch analysis: Art. 1, 2, 4–37, 41, 45, 47, 48, 113–121, 141, 143–159. Not read individually: Art. 3, 38–40, 42–44, 46, 49–112, 122–140, 142. Fee table for Art. 155 is missing on the page.). Read via automated text analysis (no raw text); verify article/paragraph numbers against the original before any binding use. |
Secondary sources only – still to be verified | Art. Gesetz 8/2007 Art. 33 und Art. 10 Syria – Law No. 8 of 2007 (Trademarks, Geographical Indications, Industrial Drawings and Designs, Unfair Competition) – inoffizielle englische Übersetzung (Abu-Ghazaleh International Translation) |
11 October 2026 |
| D-100 | Law 8/2007 Art. 13–15, 22–31; implementing regulation Art. 13–18, 24–29 … trade mark applicants Procedure: application with fee, formal and substantive examination, publication in the Directorate's official gazette at the applicant's expense, opposition period of 90 days from publication, thereafter registration and certificate. The applicant must reply in writing to an opposition within 30 days, otherwise the application is deemed abandoned. After expiry of the opposition period he must complete the registration within 90 days. Conditions/exceptions: Missing documents may be submitted subsequently within six months from filing against a monthly late fee, otherwise the application lapses (Art. 22). Remedies: committee within 30 days, then court within 30 days (Art. 24, 28). Competent for actions against decisions of the Directorate: Court of First Instance Damascus (Art. 119 b). Expert review: Period of validity of the documents contradictory (3 months according to DCIP, 6 months according to translation Art. 7 C). Actual duration of procedure (DCIP: approx. 9 months; law firm: 8–10 months) non-binding. Single-class filing and boycott office clearance only from law-firm source (S09). Statute text read only in an unofficial reproduction. Source reading status: partially read (Read via WebFetch analysis: Art. 1, 2, 4–37, 41, 45, 47, 48, 113–121, 141, 143–159. Not read individually: Art. 3, 38–40, 42–44, 46, 49–112, 122–140, 142. Fee table for Art. 155 is missing on the page.). Read via automated text analysis (no raw text); verify article/paragraph numbers against the original before any binding use. |
Secondary sources only – still to be verified | Art. Gesetz 8/2007 Art. 13–15, 22–31; Ausführungsverordnung Art. 13–18, 24–29; DCIP-Informationsseite Syria – Law No. 8 of 2007 (Trademarks, Geographical Indications, Industrial Drawings and Designs, Unfair Competition) – inoffizielle englische Übersetzung (Abu-Ghazaleh International Translation) |
11 October 2026 |
| D-101 | Law 8/2007 Art. 6 and Art. 18; implementing regulation Art. 5 Manufacturers in Syria; trade marks in Latin script Trade marks on goods manufactured in Syria must be used in Arabic script; foreign script may appear next to it in the same size. If the mark contains foreign-language words, their Arabic translation or meaning must be stated. Conditions/exceptions: Exceptions: foreign-language-only mark permitted for export goods and for import goods with indication of origin; licensed foreign marks unchanged with a fixed Arabic notice (Art. 6). Expert review: Clarify application to pure service marks. Statute text read only in an unofficial reproduction. Source reading status: partially read (Read via WebFetch analysis: Art. 1, 2, 4–37, 41, 45, 47, 48, 113–121, 141, 143–159. Not read individually: Art. 3, 38–40, 42–44, 46, 49–112, 122–140, 142. Fee table for Art. 155 is missing on the page.). Read via automated text analysis (no raw text); verify article/paragraph numbers against the original before any binding use. |
Secondary sources only – still to be verified | Art. Gesetz 8/2007 Art. 6 und Art. 18; Ausführungsverordnung Art. 5 Syria – Law No. 8 of 2007 (Trademarks, Geographical Indications, Industrial Drawings and Designs, Unfair Competition) – inoffizielle englische Übersetzung (Abu-Ghazaleh International Translation) |
11 October 2026 |
| D-102 | Law 8/2007 Art. 5 (in particular lit. c, d, h); absolute grounds for refusal Art. 4 Choice of name and trade mark on formation A sign cannot be registered as a trade mark if it infringes earlier rights – including an earlier trade mark for similar goods, a well-known trade mark, the name or firm name of a company where there is a likelihood of confusion, a trader's name known nationwide or a business emblem, as well as personality rights (family name, trade name without consent). Conditions/exceptions: Conversely, a registered trade mark does not prevent the continued use in good faith of an earlier name, emblem or trade name or of one's own family name (Art. 45). Expert review: Confusion check by trade mark agent. Statute text read only in an unofficial reproduction. Source reading status: partially read (Read via WebFetch analysis: Art. 1, 2, 4–37, 41, 45, 47, 48, 113–121, 141, 143–159. Not read individually: Art. 3, 38–40, 42–44, 46, 49–112, 122–140, 142. Fee table for Art. 155 is missing on the page.). Read via automated text analysis (no raw text); verify article/paragraph numbers against the original before any binding use. |
Secondary sources only – still to be verified | Art. Gesetz 8/2007 Art. 5 (insb. lit. c, d, h); absolute Hindernisse Art. 4 Syria – Law No. 8 of 2007 (Trademarks, Geographical Indications, Industrial Drawings and Designs, Unfair Competition) – inoffizielle englische Übersetzung (Abu-Ghazaleh International Translation) |
11 October 2026 |
| D-103 | Law 8/2007 Art. 8 Trade mark owners, stockpiled marks A registered trade mark may be cancelled by the court on application if it has not been genuinely used for three consecutive years without justifying reason. Use by licensees counts; the burden of proof lies with the owner. Conditions/exceptions: Commencement of use before the cancellation application cures the defect, unless it took place only in the three months before it after knowledge of the impending application. Statute text read only in an unofficial reproduction. Source reading status: partially read (Read via WebFetch analysis: Art. 1, 2, 4–37, 41, 45, 47, 48, 113–121, 141, 143–159. Not read individually: Art. 3, 38–40, 42–44, 46, 49–112, 122–140, 142. Fee table for Art. 155 is missing on the page.). Read via automated text analysis (no raw text); verify article/paragraph numbers against the original before any binding use. |
Secondary sources only – still to be verified | Art. Gesetz 8/2007 Art. 8 Syria – Law No. 8 of 2007 (Trademarks, Geographical Indications, Industrial Drawings and Designs, Unfair Competition) – inoffizielle englische Übersetzung (Abu-Ghazaleh International Translation) |
11 October 2026 |
| D-104 | Law 8/2007 Art. 15, 141, 155; law-firm reports on Law 23/2023 and … All trade mark applicants The official fees for trade mark application, renewal, amendment, opposition etc. are set by ministerial decision. They were most recently sharply increased by Law 23/2023 (from 03.12.2023) and by ministerial decision 1448/2025 (April 2025, effective immediately, also for pending applications). Current amounts are not evidenced. Conditions/exceptions: State NO amounts in the portal. Older figures (Law 28/1980; SYP 5,600/5,100/17,200 in S09; 500 SYP search on DCIP page) are historical and predate the currency changeover of 2026. Expert review: Enquire about the current fee table (ministerial decision 1448/2025 or successor, amounts in new lira) with the Directorate or a trade mark agent. Source reading status: fully read (Entire news item (Syria part).). Read via automated text analysis (no raw text); verify article/paragraph numbers against the original before any binding use. |
Secondary sources only – still to be verified | Art. Gesetz 8/2007 Art. 15, 141, 155; Kanzleimeldungen zu Gesetz 23/2023 und Ministerentscheidung 1448/2025 Bahrain Trademark Classification Update and Syria Fee Changes published 29 April 2025 |
11 October 2026 |
| D-105 | Commercial Law 33/2007 Art. 45–47; sanction Art. 53; injunction/cancellation/damages … Sole traders Every merchant must conduct and sign his business under a trade name (العنوان التجاري) and affix it at the entrance to the business. The trade name of the sole trader consists of first name and family name and, where applicable, a business designation; it must be clearly distinguishable from names already registered and must not contain misleading additions. Conditions/exceptions: In the case of a branch at a place with a registration of the same name, a distinguishing addition is necessary (Art. 47). For companies the name rules of the respective type of company apply; the chapter applies on a supplementary basis (Art. 55). Expert review: Text from a private reprint; check continued validity/amendments of Law 33/2007 and of the fine (Art. 53: 10,000 SYP, historical). Name rules for companies under the Companies Law (Decree 29/2011) were NOT read here. Statute text read only in an unofficial reproduction. Source reading status: partially read (Art. 23–27, 37–42 (commercial register), Art. 43(2), 45–55 (العنوان التجاري), Art. 58(2), 69 (الشعار). Reprint breaks off in Art. 96.). Read via automated text analysis (no raw text); verify article/paragraph numbers against the original before any binding use. |
Secondary sources only – still to be verified | Art. Handelsgesetz 33/2007 Art. 45–47; Sanktion Art. 53; Unterlassung/Löschung/Schadensersatz Art. 54 قانون التجارة السوري رقم 33 لعام 2007 – arabischer Abdruck |
11 October 2026 |
| D-106 | Commercial Law 33/2007 Art. 48–51 Purchase/takeover of an existing business The trade name cannot be transferred in isolation from the business establishment (المتجر). Anyone who takes over the business with the trade name is liable for the predecessor's liabilities created under that name; this liability ends five years after the transfer. Anyone who takes over without the name is in principle not liable. Conditions/exceptions: Deviating agreements take effect against third parties only upon registration or formal notification (Art. 49, 50). The acquirer must use a successor addition (Art. 51). Expert review: Legal review of the liability consequences by a lawyer. Statute text read only in an unofficial reproduction. Source reading status: partially read (Art. 23–27, 37–42 (commercial register), Art. 43(2), 45–55 (العنوان التجاري), Art. 58(2), 69 (الشعار). Reprint breaks off in Art. 96.). Read via automated text analysis (no raw text); verify article/paragraph numbers against the original before any binding use. |
Secondary sources only – still to be verified | Art. Handelsgesetz 33/2007 Art. 48–51 قانون التجارة السوري رقم 33 لعام 2007 – arabischer Abdruck |
11 October 2026 |
| D-107 | Commercial Law 33/2007 Art. 24, 25, 27, 37, 40, 41 All founders Merchants must have themselves entered in the commercial register within one month after opening or acquiring the business, companies with head office in Syria within one month after formation. Place and number of registration must be stated on business papers. Registered facts take effect against third parties from registration. Conditions/exceptions: Without registration no assertion of claims in the capacity of merchant before courts/authorities (Art. 41). Branches of foreign firms: register at the ministry (Art. 24). Expert review: Check current register practice 2026 (Ministry of Economy and Industry; renewal rule for extracts 2025 according to press report S13). Overlap with research of other agents on the commercial register. Statute text read only in an unofficial reproduction. Source reading status: partially read (Art. 23–27, 37–42 (commercial register), Art. 43(2), 45–55 (العنوان التجاري), Art. 58(2), 69 (الشعار). Reprint breaks off in Art. 96.). Read via automated text analysis (no raw text); verify article/paragraph numbers against the original before any binding use. |
Secondary sources only – still to be verified | Art. Handelsgesetz 33/2007 Art. 24, 25, 27, 37, 40, 41 قانون التجارة السوري رقم 33 لعام 2007 – arabischer Abdruck |
11 October 2026 |
| D-108 | HCCH Status Table, Convention of 05.10.1961 (cid=41), as at 30-VI-2026 All founders with foreign documents (commercial register extract, power of attorney, resolutions, passports) Syria is (status of the HCCH table 30.06.2026) not a contracting party to the Hague Apostille Convention. An apostille therefore does not replace legalisation for Syria. Conditions/exceptions: Later accessions would have to be checked separately. Expert review: Specific legalisation chain for the respective state of issue. Source reading status: fully read (Status table queried via WebFetch: Syria not listed; countries beginning with S listed; 130 contracting parties; 'Last update: 30-VI-2026'). Read via automated text analysis (no raw text); verify article/paragraph numbers against the original before any binding use. |
Official body | Art. HCCH Status Table, Übereinkommen vom 05.10.1961 (cid=41), Stand 30-VI-2026 HCCH Status table – Convention of 5 October 1961 Abolishing the Requirement of Legalisation for Foreign Public Documents (Apostille) |
11 October 2026 |
| D-109 | Service page of the Syrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs 'تصديق الوثائق … الصادرة من خارج سورية' … Founders abroad; foreign companies as shareholders Documents issued abroad (expressly: powers of attorney, commercial documents, among others) are authenticated for use in Syria at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Damascus or at its offices in the provinces. Prerequisite: the original has been authenticated 'in a chain' or executed at the Syrian mission abroad. Identity card or passport must be presented; application in person. Conditions/exceptions: Damaged, struck-through or altered documents are not accepted. A fee is charged, amount not stated on the page. Translation is not mentioned on the page. Expert review: Exact chain (notary – authority of the state of issue – Syrian mission – Syrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs) per country; current fees. Source reading status: fully read (Entire service page: channels, beneficiaries, general notes, required documents, applicant conditions, steps, fee items (without amount), duration). Read via automated text analysis (no raw text); verify article/paragraph numbers against the original before any binding use. |
Official body | Art. Serviceseite des syrischen Außenministeriums 'تصديق الوثائق … الصادرة من خارج سورية', Stand 13.01.2026 تصديق الوثائق في وزارة الخارجية أو أحد مكاتبها في المحافظات للوثائق الصادرة من خارج سورية (Dienstleistungsseite) |
11 October 2026 |
| D-110 | Service page of the Syrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (general notes), as at 13.01.2026 Founders who have themselves represented in Syria Powers of attorney executed abroad must be authenticated and deposited with the notary (كاتب العدل) within at most one year from execution or from authentication by the Syrian mission abroad. Conditions/exceptions: In the case of powers of attorney only the person concerned himself or his legal representative may apply for authentication (for other documents also relatives up to the 4th degree). Expert review: Consequences of missing the deadline; whether (as previously, cf. other-S18) a security check still takes place – not mentioned on the official page 2026. Source reading status: fully read (Entire service page: channels, beneficiaries, general notes, required documents, applicant conditions, steps, fee items (without amount), duration). Read via automated text analysis (no raw text); verify article/paragraph numbers against the original before any binding use. |
Official body | Art. Serviceseite des syrischen Außenministeriums (Allgemeine Hinweise), Stand 13.01.2026 تصديق الوثائق في وزارة الخارجية أو أحد مكاتبها في المحافظات للوثائق الصادرة من خارج سورية (Dienstleistungsseite) |
11 October 2026 |
| D-111 | Law 15/2014 (Notary Law) Art. 18, Art. 20; translator's signature Art. 13(d) Foreign documents before the notary; execution of power of attorney abroad Before the Syrian notary, a sworn translation must be attached to a foreign-language document that is relevant to the transaction. Outside Syria the Syrian consul (or a person delegated by him) performs the notarial function. Conditions/exceptions: Reprint, not Official Gazette; continued validity in 2026 not confirmed. Expert review: Whether a sworn translation produced abroad is accepted or a translator registered in Syria is necessary. Statute text read only in an unofficial reproduction. Source reading status: fully read (Art. 1–41; analysed: Art. 1, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 18, 19, 20, 21, 26, 33–36, 38). Read via automated text analysis (no raw text); verify article/paragraph numbers against the original before any binding use. |
Secondary sources only – still to be verified | Art. Gesetz 15/2014 (Notargesetz) Art. 18, Art. 20; Übersetzerunterschrift Art. 13(d) القانون رقم 15 لعام 2014 الناظم لعمل الكاتب بالعدل (Nachdruck) |
11 October 2026 |
| D-112 | Law 15/2014 Art. 11, 12(a)(2), 12(b), 21 Signing of articles of association/partnership agreements/powers of attorney before the notary The notary examines identity, capacity and legal capacity; foreigners identify themselves with a valid passport. A representative must prove his power of representation by official papers; the power of attorney is checked for validity and placed on file. Notarial deeds are public deeds with evidentiary and enforceable force. Conditions/exceptions: In case of loss of passport: loss report and embassy certificate with photo, authenticated by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Art. 12(a)(2)). Statute text read only in an unofficial reproduction. Source reading status: fully read (Art. 1–41; analysed: Art. 1, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 18, 19, 20, 21, 26, 33–36, 38). Read via automated text analysis (no raw text); verify article/paragraph numbers against the original before any binding use. |
Secondary sources only – still to be verified | Art. Gesetz 15/2014 Art. 11, 12(a)(2), 12(b), 21 القانون رقم 15 لعام 2014 الناظم لعمل الكاتب بالعدل (Nachdruck) |
11 October 2026 |
| D-113 | Civil Code (GD 84/1949) Art. 92, Art. 21; law applicable to contracts Art. 20 Contracts and powers of attorney signed abroad A contract is concluded as soon as the parties exchange concordant declarations of intent, subject to statutory form requirements. The form of contracts inter vivos is governed by the law of the place of conclusion; the law applicable to the substance, the law of the domicile or the common national law of the parties is also permissible. Conditions/exceptions: Art. 20 para. 2: contracts on land are subject to the law of the place where the land is situated. Register authorities may require legalisation irrespective of this (R02). Expert review: Application of Art. 21 to company-law documents and powers of attorney in register practice. Statute text read only in an unofficial reproduction. Source reading status: partially read (Page ends at approx. Art. 143; read: Art. 20, 21 (conflict of laws contracts/form), Art. 92–100, 102 (conclusion of contract)). Read via automated text analysis (no raw text); verify article/paragraph numbers against the original before any binding use. |
Secondary sources only – still to be verified | Art. Zivilgesetzbuch (GD 84/1949) Art. 92, Art. 21; Vertragsstatut Art. 20 القانون المدني السوري (Gesetzesdekret 84/1949) – Nachdruck, abgeschnitten |
11 October 2026 |
| D-114 | Civil Code Art. 667, 668 – cited according to a specialist article (not checked against the primary text) Formation through authorised representatives A power of attorney in general terms (general power of attorney) covers only acts of administration. For everything that is not an act of administration – in particular sale, pledge, gift, settlement, acknowledgment, arbitration agreement, oath and conduct of litigation – a special power of attorney is necessary. For formation powers of attorney the powers should therefore be expressly named. Conditions/exceptions: The form requirement of the power of attorney (form of the main transaction) was not read in the text. Expert review: Wording of the formation power of attorney; check Art. 665 et seq. Civil Code against the official text. Source reading status: fully read (Entire article; cites Civil Code Art. 667, 668 paras. 1 and 2 (in the text partly miswritten as '688'), 134, 151, 665 (only mentioned)). Read via automated text analysis (no raw text); verify article/paragraph numbers against the original before any binding use. |
Secondary sources only – still to be verified | Art. Zivilgesetzbuch Art. 667, 668 – zitiert nach Fachbeitrag (nicht am Primärtext geprüft) الفرق بين الوكالة العامة والوكالة الخاصة في القانون السوري (Fachbeitrag) published 9 August 2017 |
11 October 2026 |
| D-115 | Law 34/2008 Art. 2, 3 Foreign companies A foreign legal person may not, without registration and approval, carry on its main activity in Syria, engage in trade or open a branch/an office. Forms of registration: branch, temporary office, representative office, regional office. Conditions/exceptions: State-owned foreign entities need the consent of the Prime Minister. Continued validity in 2026 unverified. Expert review: Validity and amendments of Law 34/2008 in 2026. Statute text read only in an unofficial reproduction. Source reading status: currency unclear (Art. 1–65 and fee annex summarised article by article via WebFetch (gaps: Art. 2 no. 4 missing, Art. 11 without number, Art. 58 truncated, OCR errors)). Read via automated text analysis (no raw text); verify article/paragraph numbers against the original before any binding use. |
Secondary sources only – still to be verified | Art. Gesetz 34/2008 Art. 2, 3 القانون رقم 34 لعام 2008 – تسجيل الشركات والمؤسسات الأجنبية التي يقع مركزها خارج سوريا (Nachdruck) |
11 October 2026 |
| D-116 | Law 34/2008 Art. 4, 5 Branch/office of foreign companies The registration application of a foreign company must be accompanied, among other things, by certified formation documents, a resolution of the competent corporate body, a commercial register extract of the home state, a power of attorney for the general manager resident in Syria and audited financial statements. The documents must be authenticated by the Syrian embassy and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and translated into Arabic by a sworn translator. Conditions/exceptions: The minimum capital stated in the law (50 million SYP, changeable by the minister) and the fees of the annex are historical amounts in old currency – do not use as current. Non-profit entities are exempt from the capital requirement. Expert review: Current minimum capital and current fees (new lira since 01.01.2026); current document list of the Directorate. Statute text read only in an unofficial reproduction. Source reading status: currency unclear (Art. 1–65 and fee annex summarised article by article via WebFetch (gaps: Art. 2 no. 4 missing, Art. 11 without number, Art. 58 truncated, OCR errors)). Read via automated text analysis (no raw text); verify article/paragraph numbers against the original before any binding use. |
Secondary sources only – still to be verified | Art. Gesetz 34/2008 Art. 4, 5 القانون رقم 34 لعام 2008 – تسجيل الشركات والمؤسسات الأجنبية التي يقع مركزها خارج سوريا (Nachdruck) |
11 October 2026 |
| D-117 | Law 34/2008 Art. 17, 18 Branch of foreign companies According to the text of the law, the general manager of the branch must be a Syrian national (or a legal person with exclusively Syrian shareholders); a non-Syrian is possible only with the consent of the minister. He represents the company before authorities and courts. Conditions/exceptions: Vacancy: notification within 30 days, successor within 60 days (Art. 19). Expert review: Current practice in 2026 on the admission of foreign managers. Statute text read only in an unofficial reproduction. Source reading status: currency unclear (Art. 1–65 and fee annex summarised article by article via WebFetch (gaps: Art. 2 no. 4 missing, Art. 11 without number, Art. 58 truncated, OCR errors)). Read via automated text analysis (no raw text); verify article/paragraph numbers against the original before any binding use. |
Secondary sources only – still to be verified | Art. Gesetz 34/2008 Art. 17, 18 القانون رقم 34 لعام 2008 – تسجيل الشركات والمؤسسات الأجنبية التي يقع مركزها خارج سوريا (Nachdruck) |
11 October 2026 |
| D-118 | Law 34/2008 Art. 12, 13, 15, 16, 22 Representative office/regional office A representative office may only advertise, maintain contacts and collect information, but may not carry on any commercial activity (otherwise deletion); only one per company. A regional office likewise may not carry on any commercial activity including agency/intermediation. A branch may not represent other foreign companies. Conditions/exceptions: Representative offices of financial/banking institutions only after consent of the competent bodies (Art. 14). Statute text read only in an unofficial reproduction. Source reading status: currency unclear (Art. 1–65 and fee annex summarised article by article via WebFetch (gaps: Art. 2 no. 4 missing, Art. 11 without number, Art. 58 truncated, OCR errors)). Read via automated text analysis (no raw text); verify article/paragraph numbers against the original before any binding use. |
Secondary sources only – still to be verified | Art. Gesetz 34/2008 Art. 12, 13, 15, 16, 22 القانون رقم 34 لعام 2008 – تسجيل الشركات والمؤسسات الأجنبية التي يقع مركزها خارج سوريا (Nachdruck) |
11 October 2026 |
| D-119 | Law 34/2008 Art. 34, 35, 36, 42, 44 Commercial agency for foreign manufacturers Commercial agent and broker activity for foreign enterprises requires entry in the ministry's register. The agent must be a Syrian national resident in Syria (or a company with exclusively Syrian shareholders). The agency agreement must be filed for registration within 60 days, with a certified copy of the agreement translated by a sworn translator and a register extract of the principal. Conditions/exceptions: Unregistered agreements enjoy no statutory protection (Art. 42). In case of termination without fault of the agent, claim to compensation (Art. 45). Expert review: Current official document list (other-S27 not retrievable); continued validity of the nationality requirement in 2026. Statute text read only in an unofficial reproduction. Source reading status: currency unclear (Art. 1–65 and fee annex summarised article by article via WebFetch (gaps: Art. 2 no. 4 missing, Art. 11 without number, Art. 58 truncated, OCR errors)). Read via automated text analysis (no raw text); verify article/paragraph numbers against the original before any binding use. |
Secondary sources only – still to be verified | Art. Gesetz 34/2008 Art. 34, 35, 36, 42, 44 القانون رقم 34 لعام 2008 – تسجيل الشركات والمؤسسات الأجنبية التي يقع مركزها خارج سوريا (Nachdruck) |
11 October 2026 |
| D-120 | Law 30/2010 Art. 8, 9 no. 4, 57(a), 77(d) IAG's own services (legal advice/representation) Legal practice as a lawyer may be exercised only by a person entered in the roll of lawyers; courts and authorities may accept a lawyer's power of attorney only from registered lawyers. Anyone who professionally carries on lawyer's activities within the meaning of the law without admission commits a criminal offence. Admission in principle requires Syrian nationality for at least five years (exception: Arabs subject to reciprocity). Conditions/exceptions: In the part read (up to Art. 96) there is no express general reservation clause for out-of-court legal advice or contract drafting; the scope of the term 'lawyer's activities' is therefore open. The fine stated is a historical SYP amount. Expert review: May IAG as a non-law-firm enterprise (a) prepare formation documents, (b) file applications with the register/authorities for third parties, (c) give legal information? Must this go through a registered Syrian lawyer? Referral of mandates for remuneration is sensitive: Art. 77(c) punishes paid intermediaries between clients and lawyers. Statute text read only in an unofficial reproduction. Source reading status: partially read (Text up to Art. 96 (breaks off mid-article); analysed: Art. 1, 8, 9, 10, 26, 27, 53, 55, 56, 57, 73, 75, 77, 79). Read via automated text analysis (no raw text); verify article/paragraph numbers against the original before any binding use. |
Secondary sources only – still to be verified | Art. Gesetz 30/2010 Art. 8, 9 Nr. 4, 57(a), 77(d) القانون رقم 30 لعام 2010 – تنظيم مهنة المحاماة (Nachdruck) |
11 October 2026 |
| D-121 | Law 30/2010 Art. 73(a), 73(b) Foreign companies that instruct a Syrian lawyer According to the text of the law, a Syrian lawyer may accept a power of attorney from a foreign company, organisation or body only with the approval of the Minister of the Interior (for urgent/interim measures: approval of the governor). Written standing advisory agreements are deemed to be a power of attorney. Conditions/exceptions: Whether this approval requirement still applies or is applied in 2026 is unverified. Expert review: Validity and practice of Art. 73(a) after the change of government; time required. Statute text read only in an unofficial reproduction. Source reading status: partially read (Text up to Art. 96 (breaks off mid-article); analysed: Art. 1, 8, 9, 10, 26, 27, 53, 55, 56, 57, 73, 75, 77, 79). Read via automated text analysis (no raw text); verify article/paragraph numbers against the original before any binding use. |
Secondary sources only – still to be verified | Art. Gesetz 30/2010 Art. 73(a), 73(b) القانون رقم 30 لعام 2010 – تنظيم مهنة المحاماة (Nachdruck) |
11 October 2026 |
| D-122 | Legislative decree on sworn translators (2014, number not stated in the reprint) Art. … IAG's own services (translations) Translations as a 'sworn translator' may be offered only by a person who is entered in the register of the Ministry of Justice and holds a licence; requirements are, among others, Syrian nationality for at least five years, a recognised degree and a ministry examination, oath before the Civil Court of Appeal. The activity must be carried on through a licensed office; translations bear name, stamp, register number and office name. Activity without registration is a criminal offence. Conditions/exceptions: Art. 8 is missing in the reprint. Registration is valid for three years, renewable. Fee/penalty amounts historical. Expert review: IAG may supply sworn translations only through registered translators/licensed offices – obtain confirmation; recognition of sworn translations produced abroad (e.g. Germany); official number and continued validity of the decree. Statute text read only in an unofficial reproduction. Source reading status: partially read (Art. 1–7, 9–27 (Art. 8 missing in the reprint); analysed: Art. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 22, 23, 25). Read via automated text analysis (no raw text); verify article/paragraph numbers against the original before any binding use. |
Secondary sources only – still to be verified | Art. Gesetzesdekret über beeidigte Übersetzer (2014, Nummer im Nachdruck nicht angegeben) Art. 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 11, 12(f), 22 قانون التراجمة المحلفين (Gesetzesdekret, 2014; Nummer auf der Seite nicht angegeben) – Nachdruck |
11 October 2026 |
| D-123 | Law 3/2014 Art. 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10 IAG portal: online ordering, general terms and conditions, electronic communication Electronic writing has the evidentiary force of paper writing (in conjunction with the certified electronic signature); offer and acceptance may be declared electronically; in the absence of a deviating agreement the electronic contract is deemed concluded at the place and time of receipt of the acceptance. Other electronic exchange (e-mail, fax) is deemed a judicial presumption or the beginning of written evidence. Conditions/exceptions: If a special law requires paper form/notarial form (notary, register), this remains unaffected or is governed by the special law (Art. 3). Without a certified signature only limited evidentiary value. Expert review: Evidentiary value of a service contract concluded via portal/e-mail without a certified signature; availability of certified signatures in Syria in 2026. Statute text read only in an unofficial reproduction. Source reading status: fully read (Art. 1–26 (8 chapters) summarised via WebFetch). Read via automated text analysis (no raw text); verify article/paragraph numbers against the original before any binding use. |
Secondary sources only – still to be verified | Art. Gesetz 3/2014 Art. 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10 القانون رقم 3 لعام 2014 الناظم للمعاملات الإلكترونية (Nachdruck) |
11 October 2026 |
| D-124 | Law 3/2014 Art. 17–22 IAG portal vis-à-vis consumers Anyone offering goods/services electronically to consumers must provide clear information (identity, registration, e-mail, service, price, payment/delivery terms, return), give an opportunity for correction before confirmation and confirm the conclusion of the contract in a storable form. Consumers have a right of withdrawal of 10 days (with exceptions, including custom-made items); refund within 7 days. Conditions/exceptions: Whether founders count as 'consumers' and whether individually rendered services fall under the exceptions is open. Expert review: Applicability of the consumer rules to B2B formation services and to a provider with seat/hosting outside Syria. Statute text read only in an unofficial reproduction. Source reading status: fully read (Art. 1–26 (8 chapters) summarised via WebFetch). Read via automated text analysis (no raw text); verify article/paragraph numbers against the original before any binding use. |
Secondary sources only – still to be verified | Art. Gesetz 3/2014 Art. 17–22 القانون رقم 3 لعام 2014 الناظم للمعاملات الإلكترونية (Nachdruck) |
11 October 2026 |
| D-125 | Law 3/2014 Art. 23 (gap-filling Art. 24) IAG portal: handling of founders' data Anyone conducting business electronically must protect the other party's information and may not, without express consent, use it in a manner that causes material or non-material damage. A comprehensive Syrian data protection law was not found in the research. Conditions/exceptions: According to a press report of 15.04.2025 the Ministry of Communications requires that the collection of personal data of Syrians take place via platforms of the ministry or platforms approved by it and with a .sy domain/hosting at the national IT authority – official text and scope (private enterprises?) not read. Expert review: Does the 2025 instruction of the Ministry of Communications (other-S15) apply to IAG's portal (collection of data from persons in Syria, hosting outside Syria)? Statute text read only in an unofficial reproduction. Source reading status: fully read (Art. 1–26 (8 chapters) summarised via WebFetch). Read via automated text analysis (no raw text); verify article/paragraph numbers against the original before any binding use. |
Secondary sources only – still to be verified | Art. Gesetz 3/2014 Art. 23 (Lückenfüllung Art. 24) القانون رقم 3 لعام 2014 الناظم للمعاملات الإلكترونية (Nachdruck) |
11 October 2026 |
| D-126 | Law 4/2009 Art. 2(a), Art. 3 – according to an article of the University of Damascus (2010) Electronic signing of orders/contracts An electronic signature created in accordance with Law 4/2009 has the evidentiary force of the conventional signature; it is deemed secured if it is certified by a certification service provider, attributed solely to the signatory, under his sole control and linked to the document in such a way that later changes are detectable. Conditions/exceptions: Secondary source only; primary text not read. Expert review: Are foreign qualified signatures (e.g. eIDAS) recognised in Syria? Which providers are licensed in 2026? Source reading status: partially read (Analysed via WebFetch: presentation of Art. 2(a) and Art. 3 of Law 4/2009). Read via automated text analysis (no raw text); verify article/paragraph numbers against the original before any binding use. |
Secondary sources only – still to be verified | Art. Gesetz 4/2009 Art. 2(a), Art. 3 – nach Aufsatz Universität Damaskus (2010) Aufsatz zum syrischen E-Signatur-Gesetz Nr. 4 vom 25.02.2009 (Hanan Mulaika), Damascus University Journal of Economic and Legal Sciences 26 (2010) Nr. 2, S. 549–573 |
11 October 2026 |
| D-127 | SANA 18.05.2026 (Decree 109/2026); SANA 21.05.2026; Enab Baladi 18.05.2026 Import/export enterprises Customs Law 38/2006 (and Law 37/2006) has been replaced by the new customs law, Decree No. 109 of 2026 (264 articles, announced 18.05.2026); Decree 110 introduces a uniform customs tariff from the beginning of June 2026. The new law provides for electronic customs declarations/documents, risk-based control and post-clearance audit. Conditions/exceptions: Full text not read (PDF not machine-readable). Entry into force, rules on customs agents, persons entitled to declare, prohibitions/licences are not evidenced. Smuggling penalties only from press report. Expert review: Full text of Decree 109/2026; import/export register and licence requirements 2026 (competent ministry, chamber of commerce); obligation to engage a licensed customs agent. Source reading status: fully read (Brief news item: Decree 109/2026, replaces Laws 37 and 38 of 2006; reference to PDF). Read via automated text analysis (no raw text); verify article/paragraph numbers against the original before any binding use. |
Official body | Art. SANA 18.05.2026 (Dekret 109/2026); SANA 21.05.2026; Enab Baladi 18.05.2026 الرئيس الشرع يصدر المرسوم رقم (109) المتضمن قانون الجمارك الجديد published 18 May 2026 |
11 October 2026 |
| D-128 | OFAC programme page 'Syria-Related Sanctions'; EO 14312 (90 FR 29395) Sec. 3, 4 Founders abroad with a US connection; USD payment transactions USA: OFAC no longer maintains comprehensive sanctions against Syria or any blocking of the Syrian government (EO 14312 with effect 01.07.2025; Syrian Sanctions Regulations removed from the CFR on 25.08.2025; Caesar Act repealed on 18.12.2025; designation as a state sponsor of terrorism rescinded on 24.08.2026). List-based sanctions remain (Assad and associates, human rights violators, Captagon trafficking, proliferation, IS/Al-Qaida, Iran and proxies). Conditions/exceptions: Violations before the cut-off dates remain prosecutable. US export controls (BIS) not checked. Banks may continue to refuse payments on the basis of their own risk policy (not source-evidenced, question of practice). Expert review: Sanctions/export control check in the individual case; read Tri-Seal Advisory (as at 24.08.2026). Source reading status: fully read (Introduction, chronology (30.06.2025, 01.07.2025, 25.08.2025, 25.09.2025, 18.12.2025, 24.08.2026, 24.09.2026), remaining list-based sanctions). Read via automated text analysis (no raw text); verify article/paragraph numbers against the original before any binding use. |
Official body | Art. OFAC-Programmseite 'Syria-Related Sanctions'; EO 14312 (90 FR 29395) Sec. 3, 4 Syria-Related Sanctions (Programmseite) |
11 October 2026 |
| D-129 | Council of the EU, press release 28.05.2025; Regulation (EU) 2025/1098; Council document 8684/26 … Founders abroad from the EU; EUR payment transactions EU: by legal acts of 27./28.05.2025 all economic sanctions against Syria were lifted, except security-related measures; 24 entities including the Central Bank of Syria were removed from the freezing list. Listings relating to the Assad regime remain (initially until 01.06.2026; according to the Council draft of 12.05.2026 extension until 01.06.2027). Conditions/exceptions: The extension until 01.06.2027 has been read only in the draft, not in the promulgated decision. Continuing restrictions on goods (internal repression, surveillance technology) not checked against the text of the regulation. Expert review: Check the consolidated version of Regulation (EU) 36/2012 as at the cut-off date. Source reading status: fully read (Entire press release). Read via automated text analysis (no raw text); verify article/paragraph numbers against the original before any binding use. |
Official body | Art. Rat der EU, Pressemitteilung 28.05.2025; VO (EU) 2025/1098; Ratsdokument 8684/26 (Entwurf) Syria: EU adopts legal acts to lift economic sanctions on Syria, enacting recent political agreement (Pressemitteilung) published 28 May 2025 |
11 October 2026 |
Translations are provided for understanding. The official Arabic original texts are binding.