Source register
Source register
532 researched statements on Syrian formation law – each with source, check date and verification status. As of: 11 October 2026.
“Verified against the legal text” and “Official body” count as supported. All other entries are still to be verified and lead to a professional review in the case.
| No. | Statement | Verification status | Source | checked on |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| E-200 | LD 29/2011 Art. 200 – الارباح الصافية Joint-stock company Net profit is the difference between the total income of a financial year and the total expenses and depreciation of the same year, before deduction of the provision for income tax on profits. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 73). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 200 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (complete Arabic text, 87 pp., provided by the portal operator) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-201 | LD 29/2011 Art. 201 – تغطية الخسائر Joint-stock company The joint-stock company may distribute profit to the shareholders only after the losses carried forward from previous years have been covered. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 73). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 201 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (complete Arabic text, 87 pp., provided by the portal operator) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-202 | LD 29/2011 Art. 202 – الحق بتقاضي الارباح Joint-stock company (1) The shareholder's claim to the annual profit arises with the distribution resolution of the general assembly. (2) The board of directors must take the necessary steps for payment within 30 days of the general assembly; this is to be announced twice in two daily newspapers. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 73). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 202 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (complete Arabic text, 87 pp., provided by the portal operator) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-203 | LD 29/2011 Art. 203 – العقوبات Joint-stock company (paras. 1–3); all companies (para. 5) (1) Imprisonment of 3 months to 3 years and a fine of 300.000 to 3.000.000 Syrian lira (as per the text of 2011) inter alia for: issue/delivery/offering for trade of shares before registration of the company or of the capital increase (a), sham subscriptions (b), merely apparent payment of capital (c), unlawful issue of bonds (d), intentionally incorrect balance sheet/profit and loss account or reports (e), concealment of mandatory particulars by founders, board of directors, directors or auditors (f), distribution of fictitious profits (g), knowingly false valuation of contributions in kind (h), false facts to promote subscription (i), incorrect particulars in declarations (j), price manipulation and insider trading (k). (2) Administrative fine of 25.000 to 100.000 lira against members of the board of directors for failure to convene the general assembly, failure to submit information to the Ministry or failure to invite the Ministry. (3) The same fine for the chairman or deputy for failure to convene the board of directors under Art. 157. (4) The fines under para. 2, under Art. 14 nos. 2 and 3 and Art. 85 nos. 2, 3 and 4 are imposed by the Minister; they accrue to the state treasury and, in the event of non-payment, are collected under the law on the recovery of public funds. (5) The Minister may impose on all companies, in the case of officially established breaches: suspension of the commercial register entry in the case of manipulation, fraud, deception or breach of trust towards third parties, with referral to the public prosecutor's office (a), suspension in the case of manufacture, import or distribution of goods not conforming to standards (b), deletion of the commercial register entry in the case of serious breaches (c), exclusion from the pursuit of the object and from contracts with the state in the case of breach of laws, the memorandum of association or the articles of association (d), in the event of repetition, revocation of the approval of the articles of association and deletion (e). Article runs over pp. 73–75. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 73). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 203 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (complete Arabic text, 87 pp., provided by the portal operator) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-204 | LD 29/2011 Art. 204 – تعريف الشركة القابضة Holding company (شركة قابضة), joint-stock company public/private Part Seven (الباب السابع): Holding company. The holding company is a public or private joint-stock company whose activity is limited to holding shares in limited liability companies (LLCs) or shares in joint-stock companies, participating in the formation of such companies and taking part in the management of the companies in which it holds shares. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 76). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 204 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (complete Arabic text, 87 pp., provided by the portal operator) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-205 | LD 29/2011 Art. 205 – ماهية الشركة القابضة Holding company; subsidiary (شركة تابعة) (1) The holding company is always a commercial company and is subject to the Commercial Law. (2) The name must be followed by an addition designating its type. (3) A company is deemed a subsidiary if the holding company holds more than half of its capital. (4) The holding company must report this to the Ministry within 30 days of its occurrence. (5) The holding company may not hold shares in general partnerships or limited partnerships. (6) It may give loans and guarantees to its subsidiaries and invest its assets in shares, bonds and other securities. (7) The subsidiary is prohibited from holding any share of the holding company. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 76). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 205 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (complete Arabic text, 87 pp., provided by the portal operator) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-206 | LD 29/2011 Art. 206 – رأسمال الشركة القابضة Holding company The capital of the holding company is determined in accordance with Art. 223 para. 1 of this Decree (i.e. minimum capital by ministerial decision); the article states no amount. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 76). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 206 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (complete Arabic text, 87 pp., provided by the portal operator) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-207 | LD 29/2011 Art. 207 – الاحكام التي تخضع لها Holding company All provisions of the company form whose legal form it has adopted are to be applied to the holding company, insofar as they do not conflict with the provisions of this Part (end of the sentence on p. 77). Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 76). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 207 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (complete Arabic text, 87 pp., provided by the portal operator) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-208 | LD 29/2011 Art. 208 – ميزانية الشركة القابضة Holding company At the end of each financial year, the holding company must prepare a consolidated balance sheet and profit and loss and cash flow statements for itself and all subsidiaries and present them to the general assembly with the associated notes and particulars, as required by the recognised international accounting and auditing standards. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 77). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 208 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (complete Arabic text, 87 pp., provided by the portal operator) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-209 | LD 29/2011 Art. 209 – تعريف الشركة الخارجية الشركة الخارجية (limited liability company (LLC) with exclusively foreign activity) Part Eight (الباب الثامن): الشركة الخارجية. (1) It is a limited liability company (LLC) that carries on all the activities stated in its articles of association outside Syria. (2) It may have a seat in Syria. (3) Apart from the seat, it may not own any immovable property in Syria. (4) It may not carry on any activity whatsoever in Syria. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 77). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 209 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (complete Arabic text, 87 pp., provided by the portal operator) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-210 | LD 29/2011 Art. 210 – ماهية الشركة الخارجية الشركة الخارجية (1) The company is always a commercial company and is subject to this Decree. (2) The business name must be followed by the addition «شركة خارجية محدودة المسؤولية». Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 77). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 210 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (complete Arabic text, 87 pp., provided by the portal operator) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-211 | LD 29/2011 Art. 211 – الاحكام التي تخضع لها الشركة الخارجية All provisions of this Decree on limited liability companies (LLCs) are to be applied to the الشركة الخارجية, insofar as they do not conflict with the provisions of this Part. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 77). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 211 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (complete Arabic text, 87 pp., provided by the portal operator) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-212 | LD 29/2011 Art. 212 – تحويل الشكل القانوني للشركات التضامنية والتوصية General partnership (تضامنية), limited partnership (توصية), limited liability company (LLC), joint-stock company Part Nine (الباب التاسع): Conversion of legal form; heading p. 77, text p. 78. (1) A general partnership may convert into a limited partnership and vice versa: application signed by all partners to the commercial register office with a) deed of amendment to the partnership agreement, b) report of an expert accountant or of an accounting firm approved by the Ministry with actual valuation and statement of the assets and liabilities as at the conversion date, c) list of creditors by the accountant with names and amounts of claims. (2) A general partnership or limited partnership may convert into a limited liability company (LLC) or joint-stock company at the earliest three years after its registration: (2/1) application by all partners to the Ministry for approval of the articles of association of the target company with reasons for the conversion, to be accompanied by a) articles of association of the target company, b) balance sheets of the last three years, confirmed by a statutory auditor, c) valuation report of a Syrian expert body or approved accounting firm, d) list of creditors; (2/2) the net assets according to the valuation report are deemed a contribution in kind to the capital of the target company; (2/3) the signatures are certified before the notary or a body designated by the Minister. The paragraph numbering is inconsistent in the print. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 77). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 212 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (complete Arabic text, 87 pp., provided by the portal operator) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-213 | LD 29/2011 Art. 213 – اعلان التحويل General partnership, limited partnership (conversion) (1) The general partnership or limited partnership must announce the conversion, with the particulars of the application and the list of creditors, in two daily newspapers at least twice. (2) Creditors whose claims together amount to at least 10 % of the debts shown in the accountant's report may, within 30 days of the last announcement, bring an action before the competent court at the seat for annulment of the conversion resolution if it harms their interests; the period does not run against creditors who are not named in the announcement. (3) The court may suspend execution until the decision. (4) It hears the case on an expedited basis, hearings at most every 72 hours. (5) The decision of the court of appeal is final. (6) If no suspension order is served on the commercial registrar (general partnership↔limited partnership) or on the Ministry (conversion into LLC/joint-stock company) within 45 days of the last announcement, the registrar enters the new legal form or the Ministry approves the articles of association (paras. 3–6 on p. 79). Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 78). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 213 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (complete Arabic text, 87 pp., provided by the portal operator) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-214 | LD 29/2011 Art. 214 – تحويل الشكل القانوني للشركات المحدودة المسؤولية والشركات المساهمة المغفلة الخاصة إلى شركة مساهمة عامة Limited liability company (LLC), private joint-stock company, public joint-stock company A limited liability company (LLC) and a private joint-stock company may convert into a public joint-stock company at the earliest three years after their registration. (1) Resolution of the general assembly of the LLC or of the extraordinary general assembly of the private joint-stock company. (2) Application to the Ministry for approval of the articles of association with reasons for the conversion and distribution of capital; to be accompanied by: a) articles of association of the public joint-stock company, b) balance sheets of the three years preceding the application, confirmed by the auditor, whereby net profits must have been achieved in the last two years, c) declaration that the capital is fully paid up, d) valuation report of a Syrian expert body or approved accounting firm, e) list of creditors by the auditor with names, amounts and addresses. (3) The net assets are deemed a contribution in kind. (4) The LLC may also convert into a general partnership or limited partnership. (5) The Ministry decides in accordance with the time limits and procedures for formation; objections to a refusal are governed by the rules on refusal of approval of the articles of association. (6) The new legal form applies only after completion of the prescribed registration/publicity steps. Text pp. 79–80. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 79). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 214 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (complete Arabic text, 87 pp., provided by the portal operator) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-215 | LD 29/2011 Art. 215 – تحويل الشكل القانوني للشركات المساهمة المغفلة الخاصة إلى محدودة المسؤولية وبالعكس Private joint-stock company, limited liability company (LLC) The private joint-stock company may convert into a limited liability company (LLC) and vice versa. (1) Resolution of the extraordinary general assembly of the private joint-stock company or of the general assembly of the LLC. (2) Application to the Ministry for approval of the articles of association of the target company with reasons and distribution of capital; to be accompanied by a) articles of association, b) valuation report of a Syrian expert body or approved accounting firm, c) list of creditors by the auditor with names, amounts and addresses. (3) Net assets are deemed a contribution in kind. (4) Public joint-stock companies licensed under the Money Exchange Law, dating from the period of validity of Companies Law No. 3 of 2008, may convert into a private joint-stock company or LLC. (5) Decision of the Ministry in accordance with formation time limits and procedures; objections as in the case of refusal of approval of the articles of association. (6) Effectiveness only after the registration/publicity steps. Text pp. 81–82. This article does not state a minimum period of existence. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 81). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 215 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (complete Arabic text, 87 pp., provided by the portal operator) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-216 | LD 29/2011 Art. 216 – تحويل الشكل القانوني لشركات القطاع العام إلى شركات مساهمة مغفلة عامة State-owned enterprise, public joint-stock company Public economic establishments and enterprises may convert into a public joint-stock company. (1) The consent of the Council of Ministers and of the superior body is required; the Council of Ministers decides on the proposal of the competent Minister and lays down the rules applicable thereafter, the government carries out the legal steps. (2) The conversion of state-owned companies is subject to the rules and regulations applicable thereto. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 82). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 216 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (complete Arabic text, 87 pp., provided by the portal operator) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-217 | LD 29/2011 Art. 217 – بقاء الشخصية الاعتبارية للشركة All company forms (conversion) The conversion of legal form does not change the legal personality; the company retains its previous legal personality and all rights. The company resulting from the conversion is liable for all obligations incurred before the conversion according to the rules that governed liability when the obligation arose. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 83). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 217 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (complete Arabic text, 87 pp., provided by the portal operator) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-218 | LD 29/2011 Art. 218 – اندماج الشركات All company forms Part Ten (الباب العاشر): Merger. (1) A company may merge with another Syrian company in accordance with the procedures of this Part and those for amendment of the memorandum/articles of association. (2) Either absorption: the transferring company (المندمجة) ceases to exist, the absorbing company (الدامجة) alone continues to exist; or formation of a new company: both companies cease to exist and lose their legal personality from the registration of the new company. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 83). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 218 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (complete Arabic text, 87 pp., provided by the portal operator) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-219 | LD 29/2011 Art. 219 – الشركات التي يحق لها الاندماج General partnership, limited partnership, limited liability company (LLC), joint-stock company (1) Companies of the same legal form may merge with one another. (2) Companies of any legal form may merge to form a new company. (3) General partnerships and limited partnerships may merge with limited liability companies (LLCs) or joint-stock companies; an LLC with a joint-stock company and vice versa. (4) The transferring and absorbing companies, their partners/shareholders and the resulting companies are exempt from all taxes and fees arising from the merger, including fees for the transfer of ownership of fixed assets, movable assets and intangible rights; if new partners join, they pay tax and fee as on initial formation. (5) In the event of revaluation, positive valuation differences are subject to Legislative Decree 61 of 2007 during its period of validity; outside that period of validity they are taxable if they are booked to the capital account (wording of the last phrase «اذا اقفلت في حساب راس المال» as printed). Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 83). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 219 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (complete Arabic text, 87 pp., provided by the portal operator) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-220 | LD 29/2011 Art. 220 – اجراءات الاندماج All company forms; listed joint-stock company (para. 7) Heading p. 83, steps p. 84. (1) Merger resolution of the transferring company by the body competent for amendments of the memorandum/articles of association. (2) Its consent to the merger agreement, which lays down the conditions and distribution of capital in the absorbing or new company. (3) Resolution of the absorbing company on the merger and on a capital increase at least by the value of the transferring company. (4) Its consent to the merger agreement. (5) Application to the Ministry for approval of the articles of association of the new company or of the amended articles of association of the absorbing company. (6) The value of the transferring company according to the valuation report is deemed a contribution in kind and is subject to the rules on shares in kind (in-kind quotas/in-kind shares). (7) A transferring joint-stock company listed on the financial markets is exempt from the valuation report if the merger is effected at the exchange price; the shares issued for it are not subject to the rules on shares in kind, the creditors of this company cannot object to the resolution or sue under this article, and the shares are not subject to the trading prohibition for founders' shares. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 83). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 220 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (complete Arabic text, 87 pp., provided by the portal operator) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-221 | LD 29/2011 Art. 221 – الاعلان عن الاندماج All company forms (merger/conversion) (1) If the absorbing or new company has a different legal form from the transferring ones, the merger is to be announced, with the list of creditors according to the report of the accountants/auditors, in two daily newspapers at least twice. (2) The Ministry may approve the articles of association of an absorbing or resulting limited liability company (LLC) only after examining the announcement. (3) Creditors together holding at least 10 % of the debts may, within 30 days of the announcement, bring an action before the competent court at the seat or elected domicile for annulment of the merger resolution; the period does not run against creditors not named. (4) The court may suspend execution. (5) Expedited procedure, hearings at most every 72 hours. (6) Decision of the court of appeal final. (7) If no suspension order is served on the Ministry within 45 days of the last announcement, it grants approval. (8) The announcement period does not apply to companies whose financial statements show no liabilities to third parties, evidenced by a document of the accountant, confirmed by the auditor. Paras. 4–8 on p. 85. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 84). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 221 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (complete Arabic text, 87 pp., provided by the portal operator) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-222 | LD 29/2011 Art. 222 – الخلف القانوني All company forms The absorbing company or the company resulting from the merger is the legal successor of the transferring companies; all rights and obligations pass to it. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 85). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 222 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (complete Arabic text, 87 pp., provided by the portal operator) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-223 | LD 29/2011 Art. 223 – (no heading of its own; الباب الحادي عشر – احكام عامة) All company forms Part Eleven: General provisions. (1) Subject to special laws, the minimum capital of each company governed by this Decree is fixed by decision of the Minister (no amount in the law). (2) Subject to special laws, the proportion of participation of non-Syrians in the companies is fixed by ministerial decision. (3) Companies of every kind may transfer abroad the entitlements of non-Syrian partners and shareholders from the business result or the liquidation, on the basis of duly confirmed accounts and closing balance sheet and in accordance with instructions of the competent bodies. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 85). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 223 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (complete Arabic text, 87 pp., provided by the portal operator) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-224 | LD 29/2011 Art. 224 – توفيق أوضاع الشركات All companies existing at the time of entry into force (1) Companies existing at the time of entry into force must adjust their affairs and amend their memoranda of association and articles of association within two years of the entry into force of the Decree. (2) The commercial registrar applies to the competent court at the head office for the dissolution of any company that has not adjusted its affairs, agreements and articles of association after that date. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 85). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 224 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (complete Arabic text, 87 pp., provided by the portal operator) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-225 | LD 29/2011 Art. 225 – رقابة الوزارة Joint-stock company, holding company, limited liability company (LLC), general partnership, limited partnership Part Twelve: Final provisions. (1) The Ministry of Economy and Trade supervises joint-stock companies, holding companies, limited liability companies (LLCs), general partnerships and limited partnerships with regard to compliance with the Decree, the articles of association and memoranda of association. (2) It may report any punishable contravention to the public prosecutor's office. (3) It may at any time commission a Syrian expert accounting body or an approved firm to audit the accounts, books and business and determines who bears the costs. (4) It issues decisions, instructions and model forms for the implementation of the Decree; the companies must act in accordance with them. (5) It may issue instructions on the classification of objects and activities, fix ownership quotas of the partners (Syrians or foreigners) depending on the activity, and classify the objects and activities permitted for non-Syrians. The number 1 is printed as «1 0». Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 86). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 225 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (complete Arabic text, 87 pp., provided by the portal operator) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-226 | LD 29/2011 Art. 226 – (no heading) Limited liability company (LLC), joint-stock company (public/private) Fees, as per the text of 2011 (old lira): (1) Approval of the articles of association of a limited liability company (LLC) 10.000 Syrian lira. (2) Approval of the articles of association of a public or private joint-stock company 25.000 lira. (3) Certified copy of the articles of association 500 lira. (4) Certified copy of amendments to the articles of association 300 lira. (5) The Minister fixes charges for the examination of agreements, articles of association and amendments; they accrue to the account of the Companies Directorate and are used for training, work equipment and allowances of 25 % for its staff. (6) The remuneration of the Ministry representative for attending general assemblies is determined by the Minister of Economy and Trade. (7) The Minister may increase or reduce the amounts in this article at any time (end on p. 87). Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 86). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 226 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (complete Arabic text, 87 pp., provided by the portal operator) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-227 | LD 29/2011 Art. 227 – (no heading) All company forms (1) The application of Companies Law No. 3 of 2008 is terminated. (2) The Legislative Decree is published in the Official Gazette and applies from the day of its issue. Closing line as printed: «دمشق في /1432/3/11/ هجري، الموافق لـ /2011/2/14/م»; no name and no signature printed. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 87). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 227 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (complete Arabic text, 87 pp., provided by the portal operator) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-228 | Model application for formation of a private joint-stock company – content Private joint-stock company (مساهمة مغفلة خاصة) The model application is addressed to إلى وزارة التجارة الداخلية وحماية المستهلك – مديرية الشركات – دائرة الشركات (Ministry of Internal Trade and Consumer Protection – Companies Directorate – Companies Department) and contains: applicants (Messrs ...); company name; object of the company; capital; duration; seat; persons authorised to sign the articles of association and conduct all procedures; signature of the founders or their representatives; name of the shareholder (table); nationality (table); birth (year/date) (table); place of residence and elected domicile (table). Fixed statements in the model: Declaration: 'لقد عزمنا على تأسيس شركة مساهمة مغفلة خاصة' – intention to form a private joint-stock company.; Company name/trademark: 'ولا يعتبر اسم الشركة علامة تجارية ولا يمكن استخدمه من قبل الشركة أو الشركاء بهذه الصفة' – the company name is not deemed a trademark and may not be used as such by the company or the partners.; Capital: مائة مليون ليرة سورية (100.000.000 SYP).; Duration: غير محدودة المدة (unlimited).; Seat: محافظة دمشق (Damascus Governorate).; Addition to the object: tenders/auctions with the public and mixed sector, representation of Arab/local/foreign firms and agencies; excluding housing construction, sale and trading.; Request for examination and confirmation (تصديق) of the attached draft articles of association, provided it complies with the law.; Authorisation of two persons mentioned by name to sign the articles of association individually and to conduct all procedures with all competent bodies and directorates.. Annex according to the model: مشروع النظام الأساسي للشركة (draft articles of association) – the only annex mentioned in the application. Model template of unknown origin – not to be treated as an official form. Names the former ministry name (وزارة التجارة الداخلية وحماية المستهلك); amounts in old lira. Before use, ask the Companies Directorate for the current model. |
Secondary sources only – still to be verified | Templates for the private joint-stock company (formation application and model articles, Arabic; provided by the portal operator) | 11 October 2026 |
| E-229 | Model articles of association of a private joint-stock company – structure Private joint-stock company (مساهمة مغفلة خاصة) The model articles of association have 72 articles in 10 chapters: Chapter 1 – General provisions (Art. 1–5); Chapter 2 – Formation of the company (Art. 6–7); Chapter 3 – Capital of the company (Art. 8–12); Chapter 4 – Management of the company (board of directors, managing directors) (Art. 13–28); Chapter 5 – General assemblies (Sect. 1 constituent general assembly 30–33; Sect. 2 ordinary 34–36; Sect. 3 extraordinary 37–40; Sect. 4 common rules 41–50) (Art. 29–50); Chapter 6 – Auditors (Art. 51–56); Chapter 7 – Accounting and finances (Art. 57–63); Chapter 8 – Amendment of the articles of association (incl. capital increase/reduction) (Art. 64–67); Chapter 9 – Dissolution and liquidation (Art. 68–69); Chapter 10 – General (final) provisions (Art. 70–72). Model template of unknown origin – not to be treated as an official form. Names the former ministry name (وزارة التجارة الداخلية وحماية المستهلك); amounts in old lira. Before use, ask the Companies Directorate for the current model. |
Secondary sources only – still to be verified | Templates for the private joint-stock company (formation application and model articles, Arabic; provided by the portal operator) | 11 October 2026 |
| E-230 | Model articles of association of a private joint-stock company – clauses to be completed by the founder Private joint-stock company (مساهمة مغفلة خاصة) To be completed or decided according to the model: Art. 2 Object of the company: object of the company (free text); Art. 3 Company name: company name; Art. 4 Seat: governorate of the seat; Art. 5 Duration: duration (pre-filled in the model: unlimited); Art. 6 Founders: per founder: name, nationality, birth, detailed elected domicile, telephone; Art. 8 Capital, payment, subscription: amount of capital (model: 100.000.000 SYP); number of shares and nominal value (model: 1.000.000 × 100 SYP); subscription table per founder/shareholder: number of shares, value, quota; payment quota upon subscription (at least 40 %) and period for the remainder (max. 3 years); whether non-Syrians hold the entire capital (investment project under Decree 8/2007); Art. 10 Trading prohibition for certain shares: whether, by way of deviation, a trading prohibition is also to apply between founders; Art. 13 Board of directors: composition and term of office: number of members of the board of directors (model: 7); term of office (model: 4 years); Art. 14 Requirements for membership of the board of directors: minimum number of guarantee shares per member of the board of directors (blank field); whether the 10 % right of appointment is granted; Art. 15 Bureau of the board of directors: term of office of the bureau: entire board period or 1 year renewable; Art. 41 Invitation and announcement: whether a different form of invitation (e.g. newspaper publication) is wanted; Art. 59 Distribution of net profit: whether and in what amount (max. 5 %) a profit-based remuneration of the board of directors is provided for; Art. 72 Application of Syrian law: signature of the authorised person Model template of unknown origin – not to be treated as an official form. Names the former ministry name (وزارة التجارة الداخلية وحماية المستهلك); amounts in old lira. Before use, ask the Companies Directorate for the current model. |
Secondary sources only – still to be verified | Templates for the private joint-stock company (formation application and model articles, Arabic; provided by the portal operator) | 11 October 2026 |
| E-231 | Model templates for a private joint-stock company – anomalies Private joint-stock company (مساهمة مغفلة خاصة) Noticed during the evaluation: Origin of both files unknown; do not describe them as official forms. | Outdated ministry name: application and articles of association throughout name 'وزارة التجارة الداخلية وحماية المستهلك' (application as addressee; articles of association in Art. 14, 15, 41, 48, 54, 64, 69, 71). | Amounts in old lira: capital 100.000.000 SYP, nominal value 100 SYP, fines 25.000 and 50.000 SYP (Art. 70) – currency/minimum capital cannot be derived from the models. | The application contains two authorised persons pre-filled by name (ثراء مطر / أحمد موسى) – apparently a remnant of a specific case; names must not be adopted. | The application is firmly pre-filled with seat Damascus, nationality 'Syrian' and place of residence 'Damascus'; the articles of association leave the seat open. | Discrepancy in tables: application has 4 shareholder rows, articles of association 7 founder rows and 8 subscription rows; a minimum number of founders is stated nowhere. | Discrepancy in columns: application 'مكان الإقامة والموطن المختار', articles of association 'الموطن المختار مفصلاً مع الهاتف' (telephone only in the articles of association). | The trademark statement (company name is not a trademark) appears only in the application, not in the articles of association. | Capital in the application only in words, in the articles of association in figures and words; notation inconsistent (100.000.000 / 1,000.000 / 1,000,000). | Board of directors with 7 members and 4 years is pre-filled, with only 4 shareholder rows in the application; Art. 8/5 permits external members only in the case of the investment project under Decree 8/2007. | Tension between Art. 14 (majority of board members Syrian; reduction where the foreign share exceeds 65 %) and Art. 8/5 (entirely non-Syrian board for Decree 8/2007 projects) – requires clarification for foreign founders. | Several clauses are undecided template text ('إذا نص النظام الأساسي على ذلك' / 'إلا إذا نص النظام الأساسي على خلاف ذلك' in Art. 10, 14, 41, 59) – the articles of association refer to themselves instead of making the decision. | Art. 71/5 speaks of 'هذه التعليمات' (these instructions) instead of 'these articles of association' – indicates adoption from a text of instructions. | Art. 44: internal contradiction – a non-shareholder may be authorised for the entire holding, while at the same time externals max. 10 % of the holding. | Editorial defects: Art. 49 para. 1 breaks off ('ما'), Art. 70 without para. 3, inconsistent/missing paragraph numbers (Art. 7, 10, 12, 14), typing errors ('الجليسة', 'الادراة', 'المتعمدة'), Art. 64 mentions 'الجريدة' without further designation, Art. 6 without content (table at the end of the document). | Art. 57/2: first financial year until the end of December of the 'following' financial year – may last more than 12 months. | Art. 15 para. 2 leaves two alternatives for the term of office of the bureau standing side by side. | Legal sources mentioned: Legislative Decree 29/2011 (Art. 18–28, 92, 96/1, 100/2, 103–106, 116, 135–137, 139, 141, 142, 144, 153, 154, 171/2, 186), Decree 8/2007, Law 33/2009, Commercial Law Art. 16 et seq. – currency of these references cannot be verified from the models. | Procedurally relevant: Ministry representative must attend general assemblies (otherwise nullity), minutes to be submitted within 15 days; assemblies only in Syria (board meetings abroad only unanimously). | No embedded instructions to the processor/AI found in the files. Model template of unknown origin – not to be treated as an official form. Names the former ministry name (وزارة التجارة الداخلية وحماية المستهلك); amounts in old lira. Before use, ask the Companies Directorate for the current model. |
Secondary sources only – still to be verified | Templates for the private joint-stock company (formation application and model articles, Arabic; provided by the portal operator) | 11 October 2026 |
Translations are provided for understanding. The official Arabic original texts are binding.