Source register
Source register
532 researched statements on Syrian formation law – each with source, check date and verification status. As of: 11 October 2026.
“Verified against the legal text” and “Official body” count as supported. All other entries are still to be verified and lead to a professional review in the case.
| No. | Statement | Verification status | Source | checked on |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| E-150 | LD 29/2011 Art. 150 – واجبات مجلس الادارة Joint-stock company (مساهمة مغفلة), public and private In addition to managing the business, the board of directors must in particular: (1) convene the general assemblies; (2) issue internal regulations for finance, accounting and administration; (3) adopt a disclosure policy in accordance with the requirements of the Securities Authority; (4) prepare the annual balance sheet, profit and loss account, cash flow statement together with notes with prior-year comparison – all confirmed by the auditor – and the annual report with outlook and proposal for the appropriation of profit within at most 120 days after the end of the financial year; (5) decide on branches, agents or representatives inside and outside Syria; (6) use reserves and provisions; (7) conclude settlements; (8) appoint and dismiss senior directors and employees (nos. 7–8 on PDF p. 59). Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 58). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 150 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-151 | LD 29/2011 Art. 151 – عدم جواز منح تسهيلات Joint-stock company (مساهمة مغفلة), public and private The joint-stock company may not grant any loans, credit lines, gifts or security whatsoever to members of the board of directors, their spouses, ascendants, descendants and relatives up to and including the fourth degree. Excepted are banks and finance companies, which may grant credit to these persons within the scope of their object on the same conditions as other customers, insofar as applicable laws do not preclude this. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 59). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 151 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-152 | LD 29/2011 Art. 152 – المحظورات Joint-stock company (مساهمة مغفلة), public and private (1) Members of the board of directors and representatives of the company may not have any direct or indirect interest in contracts and projects with the company, except with the approval of the general assembly; (2) in the case of long-term contracts, the approval is to be renewed annually. (3) Excepted are public tenders with equal conditions of competition, if the member submits the best offer. (4) Participation in the management of a similar or competing company, or competing business, only with approval to be renewed annually. (5) Price manipulation and insider trading, or the passing on of non-public information, are prohibited. (6) The prohibition and approval requirement also apply to transactions with relatives up to the fourth degree. (7) Members, representatives and employees are prohibited from disclosing confidential information, on pain of dismissal and damages; excepted is information already published or to be published by law (end on PDF p. 60). Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 59). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 152 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-153 | LD 29/2011 Art. 153 – مسؤولية اعضاء مجلس الادارة Joint-stock company (مساهمة مغفلة), public and private (1) Members of the board of directors and representatives are liable to the company, shareholders and third parties for any breach of the articles of association, general assembly resolutions or applicable laws; excepted is anyone who recorded his objection in writing in the minutes of the meeting. (2) They are also liable to the company and shareholders for management errors, with the same exception. (3) Liability is personal or joint; in the second case joint and several, and internally according to the respective share in the error. (4) To be exonerated, they must prove that they conducted the business with the care of a paid agent. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 60). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 153 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-154 | LD 29/2011 Art. 154 – دعوى المسؤولية Joint-stock company (مساهمة مغفلة), public and private (1) Representatives of the company or members of the board of directors may bring the liability action under the preceding article. (2) If this is not done, any shareholder may sue in the name of the company to the extent of his interest. (3) The action becomes time-barred three years after the general assembly at which the board of directors rendered account, except in the case of intentional acts/omissions or of matters concealed from the general assembly; if the act is a criminal offence, the general rules apply. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 60). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 154 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-155 | LD 29/2011 Art. 155 – ابراء ذمة اعضاء مجلس الادارة Joint-stock company (مساهمة مغفلة), public and private (1) The general assembly may grant discharge to the members of the board of directors and representatives. (2) The discharge may be relied upon only if the report of the board of directors and the annual financial statements were presented beforehand and the auditor's report was made known; it covers only what the general assembly was able to discern (end on PDF p. 61). Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 60). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 155 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-156 | LD 29/2011 Art. 156 – تعويضات اعضاء مجلس الادارة Joint-stock company (مساهمة مغفلة), public and private (1) The articles of association determine the method for fixing the annual remuneration of the members of the board of directors; this may not exceed 5 percent of net profit. (2) The general assembly fixes attendance fees and other benefits in the light of the company's activity. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 61). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 156 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-157 | LD 29/2011 Art. 157 – اجتماعات مجلس الادارة Joint-stock company (مساهمة مغفلة), public and private (1) The board of directors meets at the written invitation of the chairman, in his absence of the deputy, or at the reasoned written request of at least one quarter of the members; if the chairman does not convene within 7 days of receipt, the applicants may convene themselves. (2) The place of meeting is the administrative seat or a place determined by the board; electronic means of communication are permitted if the articles of association so provide. (3) Meetings outside Syria only by unanimous resolution. (4) Conditions and dates are governed by the articles of association; at least one meeting every three months. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 61). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 157 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-158 | LD 29/2011 Art. 158 – محاضر اجتماعات مجلس الادارة Joint-stock company (مساهمة مغفلة), public and private (1) The board of directors appoints a secretary who organises meetings, prepares the agenda and records minutes and resolutions in a special register on consecutively numbered pages; the chairman and the members present sign. (2) A dissenting member must note the reason for his objection in writing before signing. (3) Every member may request a copy of any minutes signed by the chairman. (4) The minutes are deemed correct until the contrary is proven. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 61). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 158 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-159 | LD 29/2011 Art. 159 – النصاب والقرارات Joint-stock company (مساهمة مغفلة), public and private (1) A meeting of the board of directors is valid only if the majority of its members are present, unless the articles of association specify a higher number. (2) Resolutions are passed by the majority of the votes present and represented, unless the articles of association specify a higher quota. (3) The resolutions bind the members. (4) In the event of a tie, the side of the chairman decides. The articles of association govern attendance, voting and representation; a member may not authorise a non-member and may not hold more than one proxy. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 62). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 159 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-160 | LD 29/2011 Art. 160 – سقوط العضوية Joint-stock company (مساهمة مغفلة), public and private Membership lapses through: (1) unexcused absence from three consecutive meetings, or absence from all meetings of an entire year, even with a legitimate excuse; (2) death; (3) resignation; (4) expiry of the term of office; (5) dismissal; (6) cessation of a membership requirement – here the board of directors must pass a corresponding resolution. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 62). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 160 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-161 | LD 29/2011 Art. 161 – الاستقالة Joint-stock company (مساهمة مغفلة), public and private (1) The resignation must be in writing and communicated to the board of directors. (2) It takes effect upon receipt by the board, requires no acceptance and can be withdrawn only with the consent of the board. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 62). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 161 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-162 | LD 29/2011 Art. 162 – الاقالة Joint-stock company (مساهمة مغفلة), public and private The extraordinary general assembly may dismiss individual or all members of the board of directors, on the proposal of the board of directors or at the signed request of shareholders holding at least 20 percent of the shares. The request goes to the board of directors, which must convene the extraordinary general assembly within 15 days of the request being made; if it fails to do so, the Ministry convenes it at the request of a shareholder. The member concerned may not vote in this assembly. (Text on PDF p. 63.) Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 62). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 162 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-163 | LD 29/2011 Art. 163 – الهيئة العامة التاسيسية Joint-stock company (مساهمة مغفلة), public and private The meetings of the constituent general assembly are governed by Art. 135, 136 and 137 of the Decree and by the common rules for general assemblies. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 63). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 163 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-164 | LD 29/2011 Art. 164 – الهيئة العامة العادية Joint-stock company (مساهمة مغفلة), public and private The ordinary general assembly meets at the invitation of the board of directors on the dates specified in the Decree or in the articles of association. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 63). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 164 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-165 | LD 29/2011 Art. 165 – اجتماعات الهيئة العامة العادية Joint-stock company (مساهمة مغفلة), public and private (1) The ordinary general assembly meets at least once a year on the date specified in the articles of association, at the latest within four months after the end of the financial year. (2) The board of directors must convene it in the cases provided for in the Decree or the articles of association and at the written request of the auditor or of shareholders holding at least 10 percent of the shares; in these two cases within at most 15 days of receipt of the request. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 63). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 165 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-166 | LD 29/2011 Art. 166 – نصاب الجلسة Joint-stock company (مساهمة مغفلة), public and private (1) The first meeting of the ordinary general assembly is quorate only if shareholders are present who represent more than half of the subscribed shares, unless the articles of association specify a higher quota. (2) If the quorum is not reached one hour after the scheduled time, the meeting takes place on the second fixed date; the second meeting is quorate irrespective of the number of shares represented (continued on PDF p. 64). Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 63). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 166 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-167 | LD 29/2011 Art. 167 – قرارات الهيئة Joint-stock company (مساهمة مغفلة), public and private Resolutions are passed by a majority of more than 50 percent of the shares represented at the assembly, unless the articles of association specify a higher quota. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 64). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 167 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-168 | LD 29/2011 Art. 168 – صلاحيات الهيئة العامة العادية Joint-stock company (مساهمة مغفلة), public and private The ordinary general assembly decides on everything that concerns the interest and operation of the company and is not assigned to another assembly. Agenda of the annual assembly: (1) report of the board of directors and work plan for the coming financial year; (2) report of the auditor; (3) discussion of both reports and of the annual financial statements; (4) election of the members of the board of directors and auditors and fixing of their remuneration; (5) determination of the profits to be distributed on the proposal of the board of directors; (6) formation of reserves; (7) proposals on borrowing, sale and pledging of real estate, guarantees, waiver of projects, licences and concessions, insofar as outside the power of the board of directors; (8) discharge of the board of directors and the representatives; (9) any other item on the agenda. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 64). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 168 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-169 | LD 29/2011 Art. 169 – الهيئة العامة غير العادية Joint-stock company (مساهمة مغفلة), public and private (1) The extraordinary general assembly meets at the invitation of the board of directors. (2) It must convene it in the cases provided for in the Decree or the articles of association and at the written request of the auditor or of shareholders holding at least 25 percent of the shares; in these two cases within at most 15 days of receipt of the request. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 65). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 169 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-170 | LD 29/2011 Art. 170 – نصاب الجلسة وقانونيتها Joint-stock company (مساهمة مغفلة), public and private (1) The first meeting of the extraordinary general assembly is quorate only if shareholders holding at least 75 percent of the subscribed shares are present. (2) If the quorum is not reached one hour after the scheduled time, the meeting takes place on the second date; this meeting is quorate if shareholders holding at least 40 percent of the subscribed shares are present. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 65). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 170 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-171 | LD 29/2011 Art. 171 – قرارات الهيئة Joint-stock company (مساهمة مغفلة), public and private (1) The extraordinary general assembly passes resolutions by the majority vote of shareholders holding at least two thirds of the shares represented at the meeting. (2) This majority must in addition amount to more than half of the subscribed capital in the case of: a) amendment of the articles of association; b) merger of the company with another; c) dissolution of the company. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 65). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 171 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-172 | LD 29/2011 Art. 172 – صلاحيات الهيئة Joint-stock company (مساهمة مغفلة), public and private The extraordinary general assembly may pass resolutions on matters within its own competence and on those of the ordinary general assembly; in the latter case the rules of the ordinary general assembly apply. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 66). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 172 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-173 | LD 29/2011 Art. 173 – القواعد المشتركة للهيئات العامة الثلاث Joint-stock company (مساهمة مغفلة), public and private (1) The invitation to the general assembly is issued by the board of directors by notice, twice each in at least two daily newspapers; service is at the responsibility of the inviting board of directors. (2) Instead of a newspaper notice, registered letters to all shareholders without exception at their elected domicile are permitted. (3) General assemblies of public joint-stock companies take place in Syria (highlighted in red). (4) There must be at least 15 days between the first notice and the first meeting. (5) The invitation states: a) place, date, time; b) place, date, time of the second meeting in the absence of a quorum, at most 15 days after the first; c) clear summary of the agenda, in the case of amendment of the articles of association with a summary of the amendments. (6) The board of directors must attend at least in quorate number. (7) The minutes are to be transmitted to the Ministry within 15 days after the meeting, otherwise they are not certified. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 66). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 173 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-174 | LD 29/2011 Art. 174 – حق الوزارة في توجيه الدعوة Joint-stock company (مساهمة مغفلة), public and private The Ministry may, at the request of any interested party, convene the general assembly if the board of directors fails to do so despite an obligation under the Decree or the articles of association; the applicant is responsible for publication and service (end on PDF p. 67). Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 66). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 174 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-175 | LD 29/2011 Art. 175 – جدول اعمال الهيئة Joint-stock company (مساهمة مغفلة), public and private (1) The board of directors draws up the agenda of the ordinary and extraordinary general assembly, the founders' committee that of the constituent general assembly. (2) Items not announced may not be dealt with. (3) At the written request of shareholders holding at least 10 percent of the shares, made at least 7 days before the first meeting, items are to be added; the board of directors must publish the amended agenda in two daily newspapers at least 24 hours before the first meeting. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 67). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 175 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-176 | LD 29/2011 Art. 176 – دعوة الوزارة وهيئة الأوراق ومدققي الحسابات لحضور اجتماعات الهيئة العامة Joint-stock company (مساهمة مغفلة), public and private The board of directors must send the invitation together with the agenda at least 15 days before the meeting to the Ministry, to the Securities Authority (in the case of a public joint-stock company), to the supervisory bodies named in special laws and to the auditors of the company. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 67). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 176 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-177 | LD 29/2011 Art. 177 – حضور اجتماعات الهيئة العامة Joint-stock company (مساهمة مغفلة), public and private (1) Every shareholder may take part in the deliberations notwithstanding provisions to the contrary. (2) Every shareholder has as many votes as shares. (3) Anyone who has taken part in the assembly cannot challenge the regularity of the invitation. (4) A representative of the Ministry attends, otherwise the meeting is null and void; his task is limited to verifying the quorum, the capacity to pass resolutions and the regularity of the voting. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 67). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 177 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-178 | LD 29/2011 Art. 178 – التوكيل والتمثيل Joint-stock company (مساهمة مغفلة), public and private (1) Every shareholder may attend and has one vote per share; he may authorise another shareholder by simple letter or another person by a letter issued by him or a formal power of attorney; the chairman of the meeting confirms the authorisation. (2) A proxy may not in that capacity represent more shares than the articles of association permit, at most 10 percent of the capital. (3) A legal person is represented by those delegated by it by letter, a minor by his legal representative (para. 3 highlighted in red; end of para. 1 to para. 3 on PDF p. 68). Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 67). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 178 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-179 | LD 29/2011 Art. 179 – بطاقات الحضور Joint-stock company (مساهمة مغفلة) (1) Applications to attend the general assembly are entered in a special register at the company's seat; registration is closed before the meeting begins. (2) The entries are the name of the shareholder or representative and the number of own and represented shares, based on the company's share register. (3) The shareholder receives an attendance card stating the number of his votes. (4) Registration is carried out by a person designated by the board of directors, at its responsibility. (5) Cards for the first, non-quorate assembly remain valid for the second, unless the entitled person requests their exchange no later than 24 hours before the second meeting. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 68). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 179 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-180 | LD 29/2011 Art. 180 – جدول الحضور Joint-stock company At the general assemblies an attendance list is kept, stating the names of the shareholders present and the number of votes they hold in their own right and as representatives. Those present sign the list; it is kept at the company. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 68). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 180 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-181 | LD 29/2011 Art. 181 – رئاسة الجلسة Joint-stock company The assemblies are chaired by the chairman of the board of directors or his deputy; if both are absent, by a member designated for this purpose by the board of directors from among its members. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 68). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 181 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-182 | LD 29/2011 Art. 182 – محضر الجلسة Joint-stock company (1) The chairman appoints a secretary and chooses two vote counters from among the shareholders. (2) Minutes are drawn up of the proceedings, discussions and resolutions, signed by the chairman, the two vote counters, the secretary and the representative of the Ministry. (3) Every shareholder may request a certified copy against a fee fixed by the Minister. (4) The content of the minutes is deemed correct until a final and binding decision establishes otherwise. (5) The chairman, vote counters, secretary and Ministry representative are punished for forgery if they record facts untruthfully or omit a material fact (para. 5 is on p. 69). Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 68). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 182 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-183 | LD 29/2011 Art. 183 – التصويت Joint-stock company (1) Voting takes place in the manner determined by the chairman, insofar as the articles of association do not provide otherwise. (2) Secret ballot is mandatory if 10 % of the shareholders present so request. (3) Voting or counting may be automated if the articles of association so provide. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 69). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 183 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-184 | LD 29/2011 Art. 184 – قرارات الهيئة Joint-stock company (1) Resolutions of a quorate general assembly bind the company and all shareholders, whether present or not, provided they were passed in accordance with this Decree and the articles of association. (2) Every shareholder may bring an action for nullity of a resolution contrary to the law or the articles of association; the action is inadmissible after expiry of 90 days from the date of the resolution. (3) Execution of the resolutions may be suspended only after a final and binding judgment of nullity. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 69). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 184 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-185 | LD 29/2011 Art. 185 – تعيين مدققي الحسابات Joint-stock company (closed and public) Section heading: مدققو الحسابات. (1) The general assembly elects for one year, renewable, an auditor from the list of auditors issued by the competent Ministry and fixes his fee or authorises the board of directors to do so. (2) In the case of a public joint-stock company, it must be at least one auditor from the list approved by the Securities Authority. (3) If the assembly fails to elect, or the auditor declines or does not take up his duties, the board of directors proposes to the Ministry three names from the respective list, from which the Ministry fills the position. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 69). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 185 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-186 | LD 29/2011 Art. 186 – شروط التعيين Joint-stock company (1) A person may not be auditor who is a shareholder of the company, receives wages or remuneration from it, is an employee or partner of a member of the board of directors, or is related to such a member up to the fourth degree. (2) Before the election, the auditor must make a declaration to the general assembly that there is no direct or indirect business relationship with members of the board of directors. (3) He is liable to the company for damage arising from an incorrect declaration. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 70). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 186 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-187 | LD 29/2011 Art. 187 – مهمة مدقق الحسابات Joint-stock company The auditor supervises the business and audits the accounting in accordance with the international auditing standards, in particular whether the books are properly kept and the balance sheet and accounts show the actual situation. He may at any time inspect books, accounts, documents and cash and request the necessary information from the board of directors; the board of directors must make everything available to him to facilitate his task. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 70). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 187 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-188 | LD 29/2011 Art. 188 – واجبات مدقق الحسابات Joint-stock company The auditor prepares a written report on the financial position, the balance sheet, the accounts presented by the board of directors and the proposals for the appropriation of profit, and reads it out before the general assembly; he proposes unqualified confirmation, confirmation with reservation, disclaimer of opinion or an adverse opinion. The report must contain: (1) whether he received all information requested, or what obstacles existed; (2) that proper books are kept, the financial statements are prepared in accordance with international accounting standards, fairly present the financial position, results and cash flows, and agree with the books; (3) breaches of the Decree or the articles of association in the audited financial year with material effect; (4) the company's ability to continue as a going concern, irrespective of the presentation by the board of directors. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 70). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 188 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-189 | LD 29/2011 Art. 189 – اهمية تقرير مدقق الحسابات Joint-stock company If the audit report is not presented or is not read out at the general assembly, its resolution on the adoption of the financial statements and the distribution of profit is null and void. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 71). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 189 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-190 | LD 29/2011 Art. 190 – حق مدققي الحسابات في دعوة الهيئة العامة للانعقاد Joint-stock company The auditor may, by reasoned letter, request the board of directors to convene the ordinary or extraordinary general assembly. If the board of directors fails to convene it on the dates specified in the articles of association or the Decree, the auditor must request it to convene. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 71). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 190 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-191 | LD 29/2011 Art. 191 – مسؤولية مدقق الحسابات Joint-stock company (1) If the auditor learns of a breach of the Decree or the articles of association, or of financial circumstances with a negative effect on the financial or organisational position, he must report this in writing to the chairman of the board of directors, the Ministry and – in the case of a public joint-stock company – the Securities Authority, if the breach is not remedied. (2) He is liable to the company and its shareholders for damage arising from errors in performance or from breach of duty. The civil liability action becomes time-barred three years after the general assembly at which his report was read out; if the act is a criminal offence, the general rules apply to limitation. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 71). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 191 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-192 | LD 29/2011 Art. 192 – واجب السرية Joint-stock company The auditor and his staff may not pass on, either to shareholders or to third parties, confidential information which they obtained in the course of their work and whose disclosure the Decree does not prescribe; otherwise dismissal and damages are incurred. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 71). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 192 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-193 | LD 29/2011 Art. 193 – المحظورات Joint-stock company The auditor and his staff may not speculate in shares of the audited company, either directly or indirectly; otherwise dismissal and damages are incurred. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 71). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 193 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-194 | LD 29/2011 Art. 194 – حسابات الشركة Joint-stock company (1) The financial year of the company follows the calendar year. (2) The articles of association may fix its beginning and end in any month; excepted is the first financial year, which runs from the date of the formation resolution to the end of the month designated as the end of the following financial year. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 72). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 194 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-195 | LD 29/2011 Art. 195 – معايير المحاسبة والتدقيق Joint-stock company The company must keep and audit its accounts in accordance with the accounting and auditing standards and preserve its registers and books accordingly. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 72). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 195 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-196 | LD 29/2011 Art. 196 – نشر الميزانية Public joint-stock company (مساهمة مغفلة عامة) (1) The board of directors of the public joint-stock company must publish the annual financial statements in accordance with the law of the Securities Authority in two daily newspapers at least 15 days before the general assembly, otherwise the assembly is null and void. To be published are: balance sheet, profit and loss account, cash flow statement, statement of changes in equity, audit report and a summary of the notes. (2) In addition, the financial statements together with the notes are to be published on the company's website. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 72). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 196 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-197 | LD 29/2011 Art. 197 – الاحتياطي الاجباري Joint-stock company (1) The company must allocate 10 % of net profit annually to the statutory reserve; it may cease doing so when the reserve reaches one quarter of the capital. With the consent of the general assembly, allocations may continue until the reserve reaches the entire capital. (2) The board of directors uses the statutory reserve to secure the minimum profit specified in the articles of association in years in which the profit does not permit this, or for extraordinary and unforeseen circumstances. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 72). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 197 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-198 | LD 29/2011 Art. 198 – الاحتياط الاختياري Joint-stock company (1) The general assembly of the joint-stock company may resolve annually to allocate at most 20 % of the net profit of the year to a voluntary reserve. (2) The voluntary reserve is used in accordance with a resolution of the board of directors or of the general assembly; the general assembly may distribute the unused part in whole or in part as profit to the shareholders. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 73). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 198 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
| E-199 | LD 29/2011 Art. 199 – احتياطي الاستهلاك Joint-stock company (1) The joint-stock company may annually set aside part of the gross profit (الارباح غير الصافية) as a depreciation reserve for the company's assets; the amount may not exceed the rates recognised for accounting purposes. (2) The funds serve for the purchase or repair of worn-out materials, machinery and plant and may not be distributed as profit to shareholders. Article read in full against the Arabic text provided (PDF p. 73). Origin of the file not officially verified; no comparison with the Official Gazette. Amounts in the statutory text are as of 2011 (old lira) and must not be used as current. Later amendments to the article cannot be identified from this file. |
Verified against the legal text | Art. LD 29/2011 Art. 199 قانون الشركات – المرسوم التشريعي رقم 29 لعام 2011 (vollständiger arabischer Text, 87 S., vom Portalbetreiber bereitgestellt) published 14 February 2011 |
11 October 2026 |
Translations are provided for understanding. The official Arabic original texts are binding.